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新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记Lesson42【课文】Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.听录音，然后回答以下问题。Whatdoesapenhavetodotorecordonpaperthevibrationsgeneratedbyanearthquake?Anearthquakecomeslikeathiefinthenight,withoutwarning.Itwasnecessary,therefore,toinventinstrumentsthatneitherslumberednorslept.Somedeviceswerequitesimple.One,forinstance,consistedofrodsofvariouslengthsandthicknesseswhichwouldstanduponendlikeninepins.Whenashockcame,itshooktherigidtableuponwhichthesestood.Ifitweregentle,onlythemoreunstablerodsfell.Ifitweresevere,theyallfell.Thustherods,byfalling,andbythedirectioninwhichtheyfell,recordedfortheslumberingscientistthestrengthofashockthatwastooweaktowakenhim,andthedirectionfromwhichitcame.Butinstrumentsfarmoredeliecatethanthatwereneededifanyreallyseriousadvancewastobemade.Theidealtobeaimedatwastodeviseaninstrumentthatcouldrecordwithapenonpaper,themovementsofthegroundorofthetableasthequakepassedby.WhileIwritemypenmoves,butthepaperkeepsstill.Withpractice,nodoubt,Icouldintimelearntowritebyholdingthepenstillwhilethepapermoved.Thatsoundsasillysuggestion,butthatwaspreciselytheideaadoptedinsomeoftheearlyinstruments(seismometers)forrecordingearthquakewaves.Butwhentable,penholderandpaperareallmoving,howisitpossibletowritelegibly?Thekeytoasolutionofthatproblemlayinaneverydayobservation.Whydoesapersonstandinginabusortraintendtofallwhenasuddenstartismade?Itisbecausehisfeetmoveon,buthisheadstaysstill.Asimpleexperimentwillhelpusalittlefurther.Tieaheavyweightattheendofalongpieceofstring.Withthehandheldhighintheair,holdthestringsothattheweightnearlytouchestheground.Nowmovethehandtoandfroandaroundbutnotupanddown.Itwillbefoundthattheweightmovesbutslightlyornotatall.Imagineapenattachedtotheweightinsuchawaythatitspointrestsuponapieceofpaperonthefloor.Imagineanearthquakeshockshakingthefloor,thepaper,youandyourhand.Inthemidstofallthismovement,theweightandthepenwouldbestill.Butasthepapermovedfromsidetosideunderthepenpoint,itsmovementwouldberecordedininkuponitssurface.Itwasuponthisprinciplethatthefirstinstrumentsweremade,butthepaperwaswrappedroundadrumwhichrotatedslowly.Aslongasallwasstill,thependrewastraightline,butwhilethedrumwasbeingshaken,thelinethatthepenwasdrawingwriggledfromsidetoside.Theapparatusthusdescribed,however,recordsonlythehorizontalcomponentofthewavemovement,whichis,infact,muchmorecomplicated.Ifwecouldactuallyseethepathdescribedbyaparticle,suchasasandgrainintherock,itwouldbemorelikethatofabluebottlepathdescribedbyaparticle,suchasasandgrainintherock,itwouldbemorelikethatofabluebottlebuzzingroundtheroom;itwouldbeupanddown,toandfroandfromsidetoside.Instrumentshavebeendevisedandcanbesoplacedthatallthreeelementscanberecordedindifferentgraphs.Whentheinstrumentissituatedatmorethan700milesfromtheearthquakecentre,thegraphicrecordshowsthreewavesarrivingoneaftertheotheratshortintervals.Thefirstrecordsthearrivaloflongitudinalvibrations.Thesecondmarksthearrivaloftransversevibrationswhichtravelmoreslowlyandarriveseveralminutesafterthefirst.Thesetwohavetravelledthroughtheearth.Itwasfromthestudyofthesethatsomuchwaslearntabouttheinterioroftheearth.Thethird,ormainwave,istheslowestandhastravelledroundtheearththroughthesurfacerocks.H.H,SWINNERTONTheEarthbeneathUs【Newwordsandexpressions生词和短语】earthquaken.地震slumberv.睡眠ninepinn.九柱戏中的木柱rigidadj.坚硬的delicateadj.灵感的seismometern.地震仪penholdern.笔杆legiblyadv.字迹清楚地drumn.鼓状物wrigglev.扭动bluebottlen.绿头苍蝇graphn.图表graphicadj.图示的longitudinaladj.纵向的transverseadj.横向的【课文注释】1.slumberv.睡眠例句：Shefellintorestfulslumber.她进入宁静的安眠之中。Allownosleeptoyoureyes,noslumbertoyoureyelids.不要容你的眼睛睡觉，不要容你的眼皮打盹。【词义辨析】sleep,doze,nap,slumber这些动词均含“睡”之意。sleep：普通用词，指一般的睡眠。可用作引申指长眠或静止不动。doze：多用于口语中，指轻微的小睡或处于半睡状态。nap：指白天的小睡。slumber：多指人安详地或长时间地睡。2.standuponend竖立着3.rigidadj.坚硬的;刻板的例句：Thetenthasarigidsupport.帐篷有一个坚硬的支柱。He'sveryrigidinhisideas.他的想法非常固执。【词义辨析】rigid,strict,rigorous这些形容词均含“刻板的，严格的”之意。rigid：指没有灵活性、机动性。strict：指在行为规则上要求严格。rigorous：侧重指严格到毫不宽容的地步。4.Theidealtobeaimedat理想的目标5.devisevt.设计，发明，遗赠例句：Thistimewe'lldeviseabettersolution.这次我们将设计一种新的解决方案。Hedevisedanewtypeoftransistor.他发明了一种新的晶体管。【词义辨析】devise,conceive,formulate这些动词的均含“设计、设想”之意。devise：侧重设计的临时性和权宜性，并隐含有更多的设想可用。conceive：强调在制定计划之前的先有设想构思。formulate：与conceive相反，指在devise之后的具体设计活动。6.Icouldintime我最终能够……7.legiblyadv.字迹清楚地例句：Hecanwriteasneatlyandlegiblyasthenextpersonifhetakeshistimeoverit.若他不匆匆忙忙写的话，他能写得和别人一样整洁、清楚。8.helpusalittlefurther协助我们进一步搞清这个问题9.Withthehandheldhighintheair,holdthestring这是一个祈使句，谓语动词是hold,withthehandheldhighintheair是介词短语作方式状语。10.toandfro往复，来来回回11.rotatev.轮流，(使)旋转例句：Herotatesthehandlegently.他轻轻地转动手柄。Thepostofchairmanrotatesamongmembersofthecommittee.主席一职由委员会的成员轮流担任。【词义辨析】rotate,revolve,roll,spin,turn,whirl,circle这些动词均有“转动、旋转”之意。rotate：侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。revolve：强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。roll：指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。spin：指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。turn：普通用词，中性，含义广泛，根据搭配，可指作一个圆周运动或连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。whirl：指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。circle：指作圆周运动。12.wrigglev.扭动例句：Ican'tbrushyourhairifyoukeepwrigglingallthetime.你要是一直扭来扭去，我就没法给你梳头了。Hehadtowrigglehiswayout.他得扭著身子才钻了出来。13.vibrationn.颤动;振动;摇动例句：E