高中省略句详解

什么叫省略？为了使语言简洁或避免重复，省略句中的一个或几个句子成分，这种语法现象称为省略。①简单句中的省略②并列句中的省略③状语从句中的省略④定语从句中省略⑤名词性从句中的省略⑥动词不定式的省略⑦介词的省略⑧使用so，not等时的省略省略的类型一、简单句的省略•1.省略主语。•i.e.•(I)Begyourpardon.•(It)Soundslikeagoodidea.•2.省略谓语或谓语的一部分。•i.e.•(Isthere)AnythingIcandoforyou?•(Is)Anybodyhere?•3.省略主语和谓语，或谓语的一部分。•i.e.•(Areyou)Hungry?•(Iwant)orangejuice,please.•4.省略宾语或表语。•i.e.•①----WherehasMr.Smithgone?•----Sorry,Idon’tknow(wherehehasgone).•②----WhohasanEnglishdictionary?•----Ihave.•③----IamanEnglishteacher.•----Iam,too.二、在由and或but连接的并列句中，为避免重复，常省略一些重复的词或词组。•1.省略共同的主语。•i.e.•Tompickedupabookonthefloorand(Tom)handedittohisteacher.•2.若主语不同而谓语助动词、情态动词相同，则省略后面的助动词或情态动词。•i.e.•JackmusthavebeenplayingfootballandMary(musthavebeen)doingherhomework.•3.若主语与谓语动词相同，则省略后面的主谓成分。•i.e.•Hisadvicemademehappy,but(hisadvicemade)Jimangry.•4.若主语不同，但谓语及后续部分相同，则省略谓语及后续部分。•i.e.•Iwasborninwinterin1998andBob(wasborninwinter)in1989.•5.省略重复的介词、连词及后续部分。•i.e.•Hewaslatebecausehehadoversleptand(becausehehad)missedthetrain.三、状语从句中的省略•1.在when,while,whenever,till/until,if,unless,assoonas,asif/though,than,as,whether等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含有be动词，而主语又跟主句主语相同或从句主语为it时，则省略从句主语和be动词。•i.e.①Woodgivesmuchsmokewhile(woodis)burning.②Hisopinion,whether(itis)rightorwrong,wouldbeconsidered.③I’llbuyaTVsetif(itis)possible.④If(itis)necessary,Iwillgo.⑤Don’tspeakuntil/till(youare)spokento.⑥Fewerpeoplecamethan(theywere)expected.⑦Pleasedotheworkas(youare)toldto.⑧Iwillnotgotothemeetingunless(Iam)invited.•2.虚拟条件句常省略if，并将were，had，should提前构成部分倒装。•i.e.①Shouldtherebeaflood(=ifthereshouldbeaflood),whatshouldwedo?②Hadhetakenmyadvice(=ifhehadtakenmyadvice),hewouldbeacollegestudentnow.③Wereshemydaughter(=ifsheweremydaughter),Iwouldn’tallowhertostudyabroad.四、定语从句中的省略•1.在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词whom/who，which，that可省略•i.e.•①Heistheman(whom/who/that)youcansafelydependon.•②Thebook(which/that)youboughtisgood.•2.theway作先行词在定语从句中作状语，可以用inwhich/that引导，也可以省略不用。•i.e.•①Idon’tliketheway(inwhich/that)youtalktoyourmother.五、在名词性从句中的省略•1.在know，think，consider，suppose，find，believe，say，decide等动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that可以省略；若带有多个宾语从句，只有第一个that可以省略，其余的不省略。•i.e.•Hesaid(that)thetextwasveryimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.•2.由which，when，where，how和why引导的宾语从句，可省略从句的句子，只保留引导词。•i.e.•Shewillcomeback,buthedoesn’tknowwhen(shewillcomeback).•3.insist，order，command，suggest，advise,propose，request，require，demand,desire后面的宾语从句或主语从句应用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。•i.e.•①Heorderedthatthemeeting(should)beheldatonce.•②HeadvisedthatI(should)notgoabroad.•③Itissuggestedthatwe(should)gotoseethefilm.一个坚持两个命令三个建议四个要求•4.名词suggestion,proposal,advice,order,demand,requirement,decision等后面的同位语从句和表语从句省略should。•①Hemadeasuggestionthatthey(should)holdanEnglishspeechcontest.•②Doctorsgiveussomeadvicethatwe(should)paymoreattentiontoourhealth.•③Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)walkhomeinsteadoftakingataxi.•④Therequirementisthateverystudentshoulddonateoneortwobooks.同位语从句表语从句•5.主语从句中的省略。•①Itisimportant/necessary/essential/vital/•strange/surprising/naturalthat…(should)do…•②itissuggested/advised/requested/•required/ordered/proposed/decidedthat…(should)do…i.e.•Itissuggestedthatwe(should)preventwaterfrombeingpolluted.六、动词不定式的省略•1.省略to后面的动词。•①在同一个句子或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，动词不定式符号to后面的动词或短语常常被省略。•这种情况常用于：动词（短语）refuse，like，love，wouldlike，wouldlove，wish，want，hope，expect，intend，try，forget，prefer，mean等之后；在begoingto,beaboutto,besupposedto,haveto,usedto之后；以及形容词afraid，happy，glad，pleased，delighted，willing，ready等之后。•i.e.•①---Wouldyouliketocometonight?•---I’dloveto(cometonight).•②----Iamgoingshopping.willyougowithme?•----I’dliketo(gowithyou),butIambusynow.•③----Doyouthinkyoucanpassthedrivingtest?•----Ihopeso/Iexpectto(passthedrivingtest).•④----Willyoudomeafavor?•----Iamgladto.•⑤Thechildwantedtoplayinthestreetbuthismotheraskedhimnotto(playinthestreet).•⑥IbrokethevasebutIdidn’tmeanto(breakthevase).•i.e.•Iamnotadoctornow,butIhopetobe(adoctor)inthefuture.•Maryhasn’tfinishedtypingthearticle,butsheoughttohave(finishedit).•----WasMr.blackasoldier?•----Heoughttohavebeen(asoldier).注：如果不定式to后面是be,have，havebeen动词，通常要保留它们。2.省略不定式符号to。•①并列不定式，第一个带to,后面的省略to。•i.e.•Myworkistolookafterthechildrenand(to)teachthemEnglish.•Iwanttogoand(to)seehim.•但是当并列两个不定式表示对比关系时，第二个to不能省略。•i.e.•Tobefortheplanortobeagainsttheplandoesn’tmatter.•Welivetogivebutnottoget.To不能省略•②当不定式做表语时，如果前面主语中出现实义动词do及do的各种形式，则to可省略。•i.e.•Whathewantstodois(to)gohome.•③动词have(使、让)，make,let,see,hear,notice,observe,watch,feel,help,短语listento,lookat后面带不定式作宾补省略to。•i.e.•IsawJackcheatintheexam.•Noonecanhelphim(to)solvetheproblem.•Hewasmadetoworkdayandnight.•④介词but，except（除了）前有do的具体形式时，后面的不定式省略to。•i.e.•Allhecoulddowasnothingbutwaitandsee.•Hehasnothingtodoexcept/butgohome.•区别：•Hehasnochoicebuttogohome.被动语态to不能省略七、介词的省略•1.一些与动词、名词或形容词一起搭配的介词常常省略，只保留其后的动名词。•常见的结构有：•Havedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth.•Bebusy(in)doingsth.•Stop/prevent/sb.(from)doingsth.•Spendsometime(in)doingsth.•i.e.•①Theheavyrainpreventedhim(from)arrivingthereontime.•②Hespentfourhours(in)goingoverhislessons.•2.表示时间的介词at，on和in用在next，last，this，these，yesterday，tomorrow，one，any，every，each，some等词之前，一般可以省略。•i.e.•W