动名词的用法

动名词的用法高一英语必修四语法讲解动名词的定义•动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。•解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。动名词的四种形式主动形式被动形式一般式DoingBeingdone完成式HavingdoneHavingbeendone动名词的作用一.动名词（短语）做主语Writingthebookhastakenupallhissparetime.Seeingisbelieving.Learningnewwordsisveryusefultome.WritingheadlinesinEnglishisnotaneasyjob.Checkingtheinformationisveryimportant.关于动名词作主语的几点说明注意：1.动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数2.动名词（短语）做主语还常用于下列结构：•a.It’snousesendinghimover.It’stoolatealready.•It’snogoodtalkingalotwithoutdoinganything.•(itisnouse/gooddoingsth.做某事没有用/好处)•It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.(itisawasteoftimedoingsth.做某事是浪费时间）•在该句型中，it作形式主语，真正的主语doingsth.放于句尾。•b.There’snojokingaboutsuchmatters.•There’snosayingwhathe’llbedoingnext.•There’snotellingwhathe’sgoingtodo.3.动词不定式（结构为todo）也可以做主语，动名词作主语和动词不定式作主语的区别是：动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起•It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.(抽象)•Herealizedthattogoonlikethiswasnouse.(具体)（此项说明只作为了解）4.在实际运用中，动名词和动词不定式作主语时一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列几种情况中不能互换：（1）当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如：Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.•b.动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语it，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替：•It’snousedoing…•It’snogooddoing…•It’sawasteoftimedoing…•例如：•It’snousegoingtheretoday;hewon’tbeathome.•It’sawasteoftimearguingaboutit.•It’snogoodwaitinghere.Let’swalkhome.•而在It’simportant…/It’snecessary…/It’sadvisable…/It’sessential…/It’sfitting…这类itis+adj.+todosth.句型中，只能用不定式，如：•It’simportanttolearnforeignlanguages.•It’squitenecessarytoreaditmanytimes.二.动名词（短语）作表语，如：•Theirjobisbuildinghouses.•Hisjobisraisingpigs.•注①：动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别（了解）：•动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯；不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作，试比较：••Myfavoritesportisswimming.•Thefirstthingforustodoistoimproveourpronunciation.•WhatIwilldonextistohelpyouwithyourproblems.•3．动名词（短语）用作宾语的情况很多，如：•Hearingthewords,shecouldn’thelpthinkingofherpastbitterness.(can’thelpdoingsth.情不自禁做某事）•Weallavoidedmentioningthatmatter.(avoiddoingsth.避免做某事）•Ienjoylisteningtomusic.(enjoydoingsth.喜欢做某事）•Haveyoufinishedreadingthebook?(finishdoingsth.完成做某事）•Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?关于动名词作宾语的几点说明•1.★能用动名词作宾语的动词有两类：•一类是只能用动名词作宾语的动词，其中有：avoid,admit,consider,delay,advise,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,giveup,can’thelpimagine,keep(on),don’tmind,miss,practise,putoff,stop,goon,resist,suggest等，如：•Maryisconsideringchangingherjob.•Ienjoyworkingwithyou.•Wouldyoumindringingmeuptomorrow?另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词，其中有：begin,cannotbear,continue,forget,hate,intend,like,love,plan,prefer,propose,regret,remember,start,try,want,need,can’tafford等。•上述动词尽管可以带两种结构作宾语，但用法不尽相同，需要注意下列几个情况：•A.在begin,start,continue,cannotbear,hate,like,love,prefer,propose等动词后，两种结构意义无大的出入，如：•Shecan’tbearbeinglaughedat/tobelaughedat.•但是在下列情况下，通常用不定式：•a.在wouldlike/love/prefer/hate后表示一个特定的新动作时：•I’dliketobuyasuit.•I’dhatetodisappointthem.•b.当谓语动词已用进行时态时：•Thewaterisbeginning/startingtoboil.•I’mstartingtoworkonmyessaynextweek.•c.在begin等后，非限定动词由某些状态动词构成时（即：指心理状态或精神活动时）（了解）：•Shebegantobelievehisstory.•Hebegantorealizethathewaswrong.•d.当主语是物，不是人时：•Thewaterstarted/begantoboil.•Theicestarted/begantomelt.•B.在need,want,deserve等后，可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动式，意义上无差别。但用动名词较为普遍，（这时主语一般是物），如：•Thedoorneedsoiling/tobeoiled.•C.有的动词尽管可以用两种结构，但意义明显不同，须认真加以区别：•IforgottoclosethedoorbeforeIlefttheroom.•Iforgothavingclosedthedoor.•Hetriedtowritebetter.(尽量努力地写)•Hetriedwritingwithabrush.(用毛笔试着写)•Icouldn’thelpfinishingit.(不能不结束某事)•Icouldn’thelptofinishit.(不能帮助结束某事)•Theyleftofffishing.(停止钓鱼)•Theyleftofftofish.(离开某处出发去钓鱼)•Iregrettosaythatthereisnowineinthebottle.(对现在要发生的事表示遗憾、抱歉)•Iregretnottakingyouradvice.(后悔)•★动名词（短语）还常常跟在短语动词之后，作介词的宾语。常见的有：•insiston/persistin/thinkof/dreamof/objectto/hearof/prevent…from/keep…from/stop…from/feellike/beengagedin/lookforwardto/dependon/thank…for/excuse…for/devote…to/setabout/spend…in/get(be)usedto…/befondof/beafraidof/betiredof/succeedin/beinterestedin/beproudof/burstout/giveup等，如：•Whydoyoupersistinthinkingthatway/doingso?•Heinsistedonseeingushome.•Theyallobjectedtoputtingthemeetingoff.•Areyouinterestedingoingtotheshow?•I’mthinkingofgoingtotownthisafternoon.•Idon’tfeellikeeatinganything.•Sheisafraidoffallingbehindtheothers.•Hefinallygottiredofdoingofficework.•4．动名词（短语）可以和about,against,at,before,after,by,for,besides,from,in,on,upon,without等介词构成短语，在句中作状语，如：•Theybrokeinloudcheersonhearingthenews.•Hewarnedmeagainstswimmingthere.•Sheleftwithoutsayinggood-byetous.•Besidescookingandsewing,shehadtotakecareofthechildren.•Hefeltuncomfortableaboutacceptingthegift.•Theyweresurprisedatyourdoingthat.•5．动名词（短语）可以和介词构成短语作定语，如：Hehasn’tmuchexperienceinrunningfactories.•What’stheirreasonforcancellingtheEnglishevening?•Haveyouanyobjectiontogoingthereonfoot?•Hehaslittlehopeofpassinghisexaminations.•Theydon’tapproveofhiswayoflookingatthings.•I’mgladtohavethisopportunityofcomingtovisityourcountry.四.动名词作定语•6．动名词还可以作定语，如：•singingcompetitionswimmingpool•diningcaropeningspeech•drinkingcuplivingroom•typingpaperwaitingroom•writingdeskwashingmachine•frying-pansleeping-pill•walkingstickteachingmethod•注：动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，它和名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系；而现在分词作定语，表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为