第二章进出口合同的签订与履行

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BusinessDocuments单证在国际贸易中的重要性Importanceofforeigntradedocuments国际贸易又被形象地称为“单证贸易”,足见单证在国际贸易中的重要性。在使用信用证结算中,单证的重要尤为突出。1顺利结汇Foreignexchangesettlement2履行合同Contractexecution3政策性强PolicySensitivity4企业经济效益CompanyprofitBusinessDocuments从商业观点来看:可以说合同的目的不是货物本身,而是与货物有关的单据的买卖。——施米托夫《出口贸易》施米托夫(CliveM.Schmitthoff)(1903~1991)是国际贸易法学的主要创始人之一,曾任联合国法律顾问和联合国国际贸易法委员会主席。BusinessDocuments第二章进出口合同的签订和履行Chapter2ToSignandPerformaContractBusinessDocuments一.出口单证工作程序示意图:签订合同催证审证备货托运报验报关放行投保装船制单交单结汇外汇核销出口退税多以CIF术语、L/C支付方式成交信用证发票/装箱单订舱委托检验证书出口货物报关单海运出口货物保险单提单/装船通知汇票等全套BusinessDocuments二.合同样本示例合同样本一(salesContract)合同样本二(SalesConfirmation)(S/C)BusinessDocuments出口前的准备工作出口合同流程图交易前的准备交易磋商过程订立出口合同询盘发盘还盘接受履行出口合同三.出口合同签订流程图BusinessDocuments3.1.出口前的准备工作Pre-exportWorkExportplanning编制出口计划Exportgoodsorganization组织出口货源MarketSurvey市场调研Exportmarketingprogram制定出口商品经营方案Trademarkregistration办理商标注册Establishingcustomersandsalesnetwork.建立客户关系和销售网BusinessDocuments3.1.出口前的准备工作Howtoobtaintheinformationofourfutureclients?1.驻外使馆商务参赞处(EmbassyorConsulate),商会(ChamberofCommerce),商务办事处,银行2.企业名录(TradeDirectory),传媒广告,互联网3.交易会,展览会BusinessDocuments3.2交易磋商阶段出口前的准备工作出口合同流程图交易前的准备交易磋商过程订立出口合同询盘发盘还盘接受履行出口合同BusinessDocuments3.2.1询盘(Enquiry)询盘是交易一方向另一方通过口头或函电方式发出的,想购买或想出售某项商品的一种表示,是买卖双方磋商交易的开始。它有时只说明所要买卖商品的范围,目的是要对方进一步介绍情况,有时还指定具体的商品,甚至连数量、包装、交货期都明确提出,要求对方报价或递价。BusinessDocumentsABC.TradeCo.Add.:6AKALAHOMAAVENUE,OSAKA,JAPANJune.3,2004DearSirs,WearepleasedtonotefromyourfaxofJune1thatasexportersoffoodstuffs,youareinterestedinestablishingbusinessrelationswithus,whichisalsoourdesire.Atpresent,weareinthemarketforsuperiorwhitesugar,andshallbegladtoreceiveyourbestquotationsforthem,withindicationsofpacking,forAug.shipment,CIFOsaka,includingourcommissionof2%.Weawaityourearlyreply.Yoursfaithfully,(signature)BusinessDocuments3.2.2发盘(Offer)发盘是交易一方向另一方就某项商品的出售或购买,愿意按一定交易条件和贸易方式成交订约的表示。一个有效的发盘其内容必须明确,发盘提出的重要交易条件必须完备,发盘所表明的态度应是终局的。BusinessDocuments3.2.2发盘(Offer)发盘函注意事项:1.若是在收到询盘后的发盘,我们通常需要在新的开头表示感谢。2.准确阐明各项主要交易条件:一般包括品名规格,价格,数量,包装,装运,付款,保险等要件;或针对询盘中提出的其它问题作具体回复。3.声明此发盘的有效期及其他约束条件。目的是为了防止日后的争议,并催促对方早下订单。4.鼓励对方订货并保证供货满意。5.在适当的情况下,可以对产品的优点作进一步的阐述和强调。BusinessDocumentsJune.6,2004Re:SWCSugarDearSirs,WehavereceivedyourletterofJune3,askingustoofferyoutheRWCSugarhasreceivedourimmediateattention.WearepleasedtobetoldthatthereareverybriskdemandsforourproductsinJapan.Incompliancewithyourrequest,wearemakingyouthefollowingoffersubjecttoourfinalconfirmation.Commodity:DalianSuperiorWhiteCrystalSugarPacking:Tobepackedinnewgunnybagof100kgseach.Quantity:10000m.t.Price:U.S.dollarsonehundredandtwenty(US$120.00)perm.t.CIFc2%Osaka.Payment:Byconfirmed,irrevocableL/Cpayablebydraftatsight.Shipment:inAug.2004Wehopetheabovewillbeacceptabletoyouandawaitwithinterestyourearlyorder.OurofferremainseffectiveuntilJune30,2004.Yoursfaithfully,(signature)BusinessDocuments3.2.3还盘(Counter-offer)还盘是对原发盘的否定和重新修改。通俗地讲,就是买卖交易中你来我往的讨价还价过程,其中包括降低价格、改变支付方式、改变交货期等,交易可以多次还盘与反还盘。BusinessDocuments一封完整的还盘应包括以下内容:一,确认对方来函,礼节性的感谢对方来函,并简洁的表明我方对来函的总体态度。二,强调发盘条件的合理性并列明理由,如出口可强调符合市场价格,品质优良,利润已降至最低,原料上涨,人工成本提升,进口可强调订货量大,付款条件优惠等。三,提出我方条件,并催促订单,发货。请使用具有说服力的语言,如数量折扣,优惠的付款方式,较早的交货期等吸引订货或发货。若不能接受对方的条件,则推荐其它替代品,寻求新的商机或委婉暂停交易,保持客户关系。BusinessDocumentsJune8,2004DearSirs,Wehavereceivedyourofferoftodaywiththanks.Inreply,weverymuchregrettostatethatwefindyourpriceratherhighandoutoflinewiththeprevailingmarketlevel.InformationindicatesthatverygoodSWCSugarisavailableinourmarketfromseveralEuropeanmanufacturers,allofthemareatpricesfrom10%~15%belowyours.Soifyoushouldreduceyourpriceby,say,5%,wemightcometoterms.Asthemarketisdeclining,wehopeyouwillconsiderourcounter-offermostfavourablyandinformusatyourearliestconvenience.Wearelookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.Yourssincerely,(signature)June11,2004BusinessDocumentsDareSirsRe:SWCSugarWelearnfromyourfaxoftodaythatourpriceisfoundtobeonthehighside.Weverymuchregrettosaythatthereisnopossibilityofourcuttingthepriceby5%.Inthosedays,wehavereceivedacrowdofinquiriesfrombuyersinotherdirectionsandexpecttoclosebusinessatsomethingnearourlevel.Atpresent,wecannotseeourwaytoentertainyourcounter-offer.Iflateronyoucanseeanychancetodobetter,pleaseletusknow.Weassureyouthatyourenquirieswillreceiveourimmediateattention.Yourstruly,(signature)BusinessDocuments3.2.4接受(Acceptance)接受是交易的一方通过口头或函电方式,无条件地同意对方在发盘或还盘中所提的交易条件和按此订立合同的一种表示。接受生效的时间,也是合同成立的时间,双方就须分别履行所承担的责任和义务。BusinessDocumentsJune16,2004DearSirs,WehavereceivedyourfaxofJune11,2004.Afterdueconsideration,wehavepleasueinconfirmingthefollowingofferandacceptingit:1.Commodity:DalianSuperiorWhiteCrystalSugar2Packing:Tobepackedinnewgunnybagof100kgseach.Quantity:10000MTPrice:U.S.dollarsonehundredandtwenty(US$120.00)perm.t.CIFc2%Osaka.Payment:Byconfirmed,irrevocableL/Cpayablebydraftatsight.Shipment:inAug.2004.Pleasesendusacontractandthankyouforyourcooperation.Yourssincerely,(signature)BusinessDocuments3.2.5、签订书面合同(tosignthecontract)签订书面合同是进出口磋商的最后环节.它的订立标志着买卖双方磋商交易阶段的结束。寄合同的函,一般要先说明制作合同的依据,即双方磋商中关键函电的内容,其次说明所寄合同编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