中小企业财务风险分析与对策研究

中小企业财务风险分析与对策研究摘要：本文概述了财务风险的相关理论，评述了国内的研究情况。并以中小企业的界定为切入点，讨论了目前我国中小企业财务风险的特征、成因及其表现形式，分别根据资金运动的具体环节和成因对中小企业财务风险进行了分类。文章从理论上分析了中小企业财务风险管理的对策，并建立了单变量模型和中小企业“三力”预警系统三种风险预警模型。文章最后引用江苏琼花高科技股份有限公司的财务资料对其财务风险进行评价，由此得到中小企业在风险管理方面的启示。本文旨在加强中小企业的财务风险意识，针对自身特点建立并不断完善财务管理系统，提高财务决策的科学化水平，以增强中小企业的财务竞争力，使其可持续发展。关键词：中小企业；财务风险；风险预警；对策目录1前言····································································································11.1文献综述···························································································11.1.1国外研究现状述评············································································11.1.2国内研究现状述评············································································11.2研究背景及研究意义············································································21.2.1选题的背景·····················································································21.2.2选题的意义·····················································································31.3研究内容和研究方法············································································31.3.1研究内容························································································31.3.2研究方法及可行性分析······································································42中小企业财务风险理论概述·····································································62.1财务风险理论概述···············································································62.1.1风险的界定·····················································································62.1.2财务风险概述··················································································62.2中小企业的界定及其特征······································································62.2.1中小企业的界定···············································································62.2.2中小企业的特征···············································································82.3中小企业财务风险的类型与特征·····························································92.3.1中小企业财务风险的类型···································································92.3.2中小企业财务风险的特征··································································113中小企业财务风险成因、识别与预警························································123.1中小企业财务风险的表现形式及其识别···················································123.1.1中小企业财务风险的表现形式····························································123.1.2中小企业财务风险的识别··································································123.2中小企业财务风险的成因与对策····························································123.2.1中小企业财务风险的成因··································································123.2.2防范和控制中小企业财务风险对策······················································133.3中小企业财务风险的预警模型·······························································143.3.1单变量模型····················································································153.3.2Z记分模型····················································································153.3.3中小企业“三力”预警系统·······························································164中小企业财务风险分析及其对策运用——以江苏琼花高科技股份有限公司为例·········································································································194.1企业概况··························································································194.2财务风险分析····················································································194.2.1Z记分预警模型分析········································································194.2.2中小企业“三力”预警系统分析·························································204.3对策分析··························································································215总结与展望··························································································23参考文献································································································24致谢第一章前言中小企业是国民经济持续稳定增长的主要支持力量，是推动经济体制改革的中坚力量，是吸纳就业的主力军，在国民经济中有着举足轻重的作用，而财务风险是影响中小企业存在、盈利和发展的关键因素。目前，在“国际市场国内化、国内市场国际化”和受国际金融危机影响的大背景下，企业应当不断树立财务风险意识，使自身具备承担和化解财务风险的能力。1.1.文献综述1.1.1国内研究现状述评我国对风险管理的研究开始的比较迟，20世纪80年代后期才有相关理论研究。1987年清华大学郭仲伟教授编写了《风险分析与决策》一书，全面系统地研究了风险分析与决策的方法。90年代后，针对企业大规模亏损的情况，一些学者开始考虑企业风险防范的问题。1989年，北大商学院的刘思录、汤谷良发表的《论财务风险管理》一文，第一次全面阐述了财务风险的定义、特性和财务风险管理的步骤和方法。财政部向德伟博士1994年发表的《论财务风险》一文，运用广义的财务风险概念，将财务风险分为筹资风险、投资风险、资金回收风险和收益分配风险四项；对财务风险产生的原因进行了全面细致的分析，提出运用预防、转移和分散的方法对财务风险加以控制。该篇文章为财务风险管理向更深层次推进奠定了基础。韦孟文1996年发表的《试论企业财务风险》一文认为，财务风险是企业运作中不可回避的问题。他分析，财务风险主要受市场供求、通货膨胀、政策调整、合作伙伴、自然灾害等的影响。主张从回避财务风险因素、提高管理者素质和决策水平、建立和完善财务风险抑制机制以及提高财务风险意识四个方面来应对企业的财务风险。朱颐和在《浅议我国中小企业财务风险的防范》（2003）中指出财务风险是企业利用筹资，不能实现预期财务杠杆收益，从而产生损失的可能性。中小企业财务风险的防范，首先要实施技术创新,获得风险投资、财政科技开发拨款、企业科技开发专项资金、政府用于鼓励科研开发的贴息贷款等多方资金的支持；其次，实施企业信用管理，当中小企业面临财务危机时，能较容易地从外部融资；再次，控制负债资金比例，避免由于现金支付困难导致财务危机；最后，提高筹资的使用效果，努力降低经营风险引起的财务风险。高健于2005年发表了《我国中小企业财务风险及其防范》，他认为，企业的财务风险存在于资金的筹集、运用、收回和分配的各个环节,包括筹资风险、资金使用风险和资金回收风险。由于中小企业在资金、人才和管理等方面的相对弱势,其财务风险防范的难度更大,有必要从制度、技术两个方面系统地、细致地采取有效的防范和控制措施。具体包括：制度方法防范、会计方法防范、资金使用技术防范、收益分配技术防范。黄德汉在《关于我国中小企业财务风险及其控制的探讨》（2009）中，从分析中小企业财务风险的类型出发，分别从筹资、投资、经营、收益分配的角度