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雅思阅读强化讲义(在编)IELTSReadingPre-testPassage1Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.ZuluBeadworkTheSouthAfricanprovinceofKwaZulu-Natal,morecommonlyreferredtoastheZuluKingdom,isnamedaftertheZulupeoplewhohaveinhabitedtheareasincethelate1400s.KwaZulutranslatestomeanPlaceofHeaven.NatalwasthenamethePortugueseexplorersgavethisregionwhentheyarrivedin1497.Atthattime,onlyafewZuluclansoccupiedthearea.Bythelate1700s,theAmaZuluclan,meaningPeopleofHeaven,constitutedasignificantnation.TodaytheZuluclanrepresentsthelargestethnicgroupinSouthAfrica,withatleast11millionpeopleinthekingdom.TheZulupeopleareknownaroundtheworldfortheirelaborateglassbeadwork,whichtheywearnotonlyintheirtraditionalcostumesbutaspartoftheireverydayapparel.ItispossibletolearnmuchaboutthecultureoftheZuluclanthroughtheirbeadwork.TheglassbeadtradeintheprovinceofKwaZulu-Natalisbelievedtobeafairlyrecentindustry.In1824,anEnglishmannamedHenryFrancisFynnbroughtglassbeadstotheregiontoselltotheAfricanpeople.ThoughtheBritisharenotconsideredthefirsttointroduceglassbeads,theywereamainsourcethroughwhichtheZulupeoplecouldaccessthemerchandisetheyneeded.GlassbeadshadalreadybeenmanufacturedbytheEgyptianscenturiesearlieraroundthesametimewhenglasswasdiscovered.SomeresearchpointstotheideathatEgyptianstriedtofoolSouthAfricanswithglassbypassingitoffasjewelssimilarinvaluetogoldorivory.PhoenicianmarinersbroughtcargoesofthesebeadstoAfricaalongwithotherwares.BeforetheEuropeansarrived,manyArabtradersbroughtglassbeadsdowntothesoutherncountriesviacamelback.Duringcolonization',theEuropeansfacilitatedandmonopolizedtheglassbeadmarket,andtheZulunationbecameevenmorecloselytiedtothisartform.TheZulupeoplewerenotfooledintobelievingthatglassbeadswerepreciousstonesbut,rather,usedthebeadstoestablishcertaincodesandritualsintheirsociety.IntheAfricantradition,kingswereknowntowearbeadedregaliasoheavythattheyrequiredthehelpofattendantstogetoutoftheirthrones.Zulubeadworkisinvolvedineveryrealmofsociety,fromreligionandpoliticstofamilyandmarriage.AmongtheZuluwomen,thecraftofbeadworkisusedasaneducationaltoolaswellasasourceofrecreationandfashion.Personaladornmentitemsincludejewelry,skirts,neckbands,andaprons.Besidesclothingandaccessories,therearemanyotherbeadedobjectsintheZuluculture,suchasbead-coveredgourds,whicharecarriedaroundbywomenwhoarehavingfertilityproblems.Mostimportantly,however,Zulubeadworkisasourceofcommunication.IntheZulutradition,beadsareapartofthelanguagewithcertainwordsandsymbolsthatcanbeeasilyread.Afinishedproductisconsideredbymanyartistsandcollectorstobeextremelypoetic.ThecodebehindZulubeadworkisrelativelybasicandextremelyresistanttochange.Asimpletriangleisthegeometricshapeusedinalmostallbeadeditems.Atrianglewiththeapexpointingdownwardsignifiesanunmarriedman,whileonewiththetippointingupwardiswornbyanunmarriedwoman.Marriedwomenwearitemswithtwotrianglesthatformadiamondshape,andmarriedmensignifytheirmaritalstatuswithtwotrianglesthatformanhourglassshape.Colorsarealsosignificant,thoughslightlymorecomplicatedsinceeachcolorcanhaveanegativeandapositivemeaning.Educatedbytheiroldersisters,youngZulugirlsquicklylearnhowtosendtheappropriatemessagestoacourtingmale.Similarly,maleslearnhowtointerpretthemessagesandhowtowearcertainbeadsthatexpresstheirinterestinmarriage.ThecodesofthebeadsaresostrongthatculturalanalystsfearthatthebeadworktraditioncouldpreventtheZulupeoplefromprogressingtechnologicallyandeconomically.Socioeconomicdatashowsthatthemoreacultureresistschangethemoreriskthereisinavaluesystemfallingapart.ThoughtraditionalbeadworkstillholdsaseriousplaceinZuluculture,thedecorativeartformisoftenmodifiedfortourists,withpopularitemssuchasthebeadedfertilitydoll.MatchingQuestions1-3MatcheachdefinitioninListAwiththetermitdefinesinListB.WritethecorrectletterA-Einboxes1-3onyouranswersheet.Therearemoretermsthandefinitions,soyouwillnotusethemall.ListADefinitions1ItmeansPlaceofHeaven.2ItisthePortuguesenameforsouthernAfrica.3ItmeansPeopleofHeaven.ListBTermsAPhoenicianBPhoenicianCAmaZuluDExplorerEKwaZuluShort-AnswerQuestionsQuestions4-6Answerthequestionsbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersisboxes4-6onyouranswersheet.4WhichcountrydoestheZuluclanresidein?5WhendidthePortuguesearriveinKwaZulu-Natal?6HowmanymembersoftheZuluKingdomarethere?True-False-NotGivenQuestionsQuestions7-11Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?Inboxes7-11onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementistrueaccordingtothepassageFALSEifthestatementcontradictsthepassageNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage7TheBritishwerethefirstpeopletosellglassbeadsinAfrica.8HenryFrancesFlynnmadealotofmoneysellingglassbeadstotheZulupeople.9TheZulupeoplebelievedthatglassbeadswerepreciousstones.10TheZulupeopleuseglassbeadsinmanyaspectsoftheirdailylives.11Zuluwomenbelievethatbead-coveredgourdscanhelpthemhavebabies.LabelingaDiagramLabelthediagrambelow.Chooseoneortwowordsfromthereadingpassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes12-15onyouranswersheet.Passage2Readthepassageandanswerthequestions.ChoosingHeadingsQuesti