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bySeanLangBritishHistoryFORDUMmIES‰2NDEDITION01_035366ffirs.qxp10/19/069:29AMPageiii01_035366ffirs.qxp10/19/069:29AMPageiiBritishHistoryFORDUMmIES‰2NDEDITION01_035366ffirs.qxp10/19/069:29AMPagei01_035366ffirs.qxp10/19/069:29AMPageiibySeanLangBritishHistoryFORDUMmIES‰2NDEDITION01_035366ffirs.qxp10/19/069:29AMPageiiiBritishHistoryForDummies®,2ndEditionPublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,LtdTheAtriumSouthernGateChichesterWestSussexPO198SQEnglandE-mail(forordersandcustomerserviceenquires):cs-books@wiley.co.ukVisitourHomePageon©2006JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,Chichester,WestSussex,EnglandPublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,Chichester,WestSussexAllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortrans-mittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorother-wise,exceptunderthetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,London,W1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthePublisher.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,England,oremailedtopermreq@wiley.co.uk,orfaxedto(44)1243770620.Trademarks:Wiley,theWileyPublishinglogo,ForDummies,theDummiesManlogo,AReferencefortheRestofUs!,TheDummiesWay,DummiesDaily,TheFunandEasyWay,Dummies.comandrelatedtradedressaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.and/oritsaffiliatesintheUnitedStatesandothercountries,andmaynotbeusedwithoutwrittenpermission.Allothertrademarksarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.WileyPublishing,Inc.,isnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.LIMITOFLIABILITY/DISCLAIMEROFWARRANTY:THEPUBLISHER,THEAUTHOR,ANDANYONEELSEINVOLVEDINPREPARINGTHISWORKMAKENOREPRESENTATIONSORWARRANTIESWITHRESPECTTOTHEACCURACYORCOMPLETENESSOFTHECONTENTSOFTHISWORKANDSPECIFICALLYDIS-CLAIMALLWARRANTIES,INCLUDINGWITHOUTLIMITATIONWARRANTIESOFFITNESSFORAPAR-TICULARPURPOSE.NOWARRANTYMAYBECREATEDOREXTENDEDBYSALESORPROMOTIONALMATERIALS.THEADVICEANDSTRATEGIESCONTAINEDHEREINMAYNOTBESUITABLEFOREVERYSITUATION.THISWORKISSOLDWITHTHEUNDERSTANDINGTHATTHEPUBLISHERISNOTENGAGEDINRENDERINGLEGAL,ACCOUNTING,OROTHERPROFESSIONALSERVICES.IFPROFES-SIONALASSISTANCEISREQUIRED,THESERVICESOFACOMPETENTPROFESSIONALPERSONSHOULDBESOUGHT.NEITHERTHEPUBLISHERNORTHEAUTHORSHALLBELIABLEFORDAMAGESARISINGHEREFROM.THEFACTTHATANORGANIZATIONORWEBSITEISREFERREDTOINTHISWORKASACITATIONAND/ORAPOTENTIALSOURCEOFFURTHERINFORMATIONDOESNOTMEANTHATTHEAUTHORORTHEPUBLISHERENDORSESTHEINFORMATIONTHEORGANIZATIONORWEBSITEMAYPROVIDEORRECOMMENDATIONSITMAYMAKE.FURTHER,READERSSHOULDBEAWARETHATINTERNETWEBSITESLISTEDINTHISWORKMAYHAVECHANGEDORDISAPPEAREDBETWEENWHENTHISWORKWASWRITTENANDWHENITISREAD.Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservices,pleasecontactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheU.S.at800-762-2974,outsidetheU.S.at317-572-3993,orfax317-572-4002.Fortechnicalsupport,pleasevisit:AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibraryISBN-13:978-0-470-03536-8ISBN-10:0-470-03536-6PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyBell&BainLtd,Glasgow1098765432101_035366ffirs.qxp10/19/069:29AMPageivAbouttheAuthorSeanLangstudiedhistoryatOxfordandhasbeenteachingittoschool,col-lege,anduniversitystudentsforthepasttwentyyears.Hehaswrittentext-booksonnineteenthandtwentiethcenturyhistory,andisco-editorofModernHistoryReview.SeanregularlyreviewstextbooksfortheTimesEducationalSupplementandhaswrittenonhistoryteachingfortheCouncilofEurope.HeisaResearchFellowinHistoryatAngliaRuskinUniversityandHonorarySecretaryoftheHistoricalAssociation,andiscurrentlyundertak-ingresearchonwomeninnineteenth-centuryBritishIndia.01_035366ffirs.qxp10/19/069:29AMPagev01_035366ffirs.qxp10/19/069:29AMPageviAuthor’sAcknowledgementsThankstoRichardDargie,FrFeidhlimidhMagennis,andJasmineSimeoneforhelpingmetokeepitgenuinelyBritish.ToJasonDunneandDanielMerseyatWileyforencouragingandchivvyingmetokeepthechaptersflowingin.Andtoallmystudents,pastandpresent,atHillsRoadandLongRoadSixthFormCollegesinCambridge:Youshapedthisbookmorethanyouknow.01_035366ffirs.qxp10/19/069:29AMPageviiPublisher’sAcknowledgementsWe’reproudofthisbook;pleasesendusyourcommentsthroughourDummiesonlineregistrationformlocatedat:Acquisitions,Editorial,andMediaDevelopmentProjectEditor:SteveEdwards(PreviousEdition:DanielMersey)ExecutiveEditor:JasonDunneDevelopmentEditor:DanielMerseySpecialhelp:HannahClementCoverPhotos:©Corbis:Bettman,DavidReed,TimGraham,GianniDagliOrti,TheArtArchive;PANEWS/CORBISKIPA;RussellBoyce/Reuters/CorbisCartoons:RichTennant()CompositionServicesProjectCoordinator:JenniferTheriotLayoutandGraphics:CarlByers,LavonneCook,StephanieD.Jumper,BarryOffringa,Lyn