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第九节正反、反正表达法ConversionofAffirmationandNegationWhatisaffirmationandnegationConversionfromAffirmationtoNegationConversionfromNegationtoAffirmationContentsExamples•riotpolice•crisislaw•spyfilm•防暴警察(即anti-riotpolice，而不是暴乱的警察)•反危机法案(即anti-crisislaw)•反谍影片•Don'tstopworking!•别停下来！•继续干活!•Hewentintotheinsecurebuilding.•他走进那座不安全的楼。•他走进那座危楼.1.1Affirmation&NegationAnAffirmativestructurereferstoaphraseorsentencewhichispositiveinitsstructureorform,i.e.itdoesnothaveanynegativeelementinit.•Onthecontrary,anNegativestructurereferstoaphraseorsentencewhichisnegativeinitsstructureorform.在英汉互译过程中，由于两种语言表达习惯不同，往往需要把英语中的正说译成汉语中的反说，把英语中的反说译成汉语中的正说，这样才能确切表达原意并符合语言的规范。这种把正说处理为反说，把反说处理为正说的译法，叫正反表达法。TheEnglishlanguagehasitspeculiaritiesinnegation.Ofcourse,English-speakingpeoplehavetheirownwayofthinkinginthenegationandexpressingnegativeimplications.WhatisaffirmativeinforminEnglishmaybeimpliedsomethingnegativeinChinese,andviceverses-.Theuseof“yes”and“no”isacaseinpoint.1.2Negativewords&Expressionsa).Fullnegatives:no,never,none,nothing,not,nobody,nowhere,norb).Seminegatives:hardly,scarcely,seldom,barely,few,littlec).Partialnegatives:notevery,notall,notboth,notmuch,notmany,notalways1.2NegativewordsandExpressionsd).Wordswithnegativeimplication:1)(verb):fail,miss,lack,ignore,refuse,withhold,refrain(from),neglect,deny,overlook,exclude;2).(noun):absence,failure,refusal,ignorance,neglect,exclusion;3)(adj.):few,little,freefrom,farfrom,safefrom,shortof;4).(adv):little,otherwise,too…to..;5).(conj.):unless,before,until,(rather)than,or;6).(pre):without,above,except,beyond,insteadof,inplaceof,outof,etc.7):Affixeswithnegativeimplication:a-,dis-,un,ab-,in-,im-,il-,ir-,non-,-less,etc.•汉语常用的否定词：“不、无、非、没、未、勿、莫、否、别、毋”等•a).完全否定意义•“不、没有、绝不、毫无、否则”•b).部分否定意义•“并非都、不总是、未必全部”•c).双重否定•非…….不（莫）、不……没有1.2NegativewordsandExpressions2TheConversionfromAffirmationtoNegationVerbsAdverbsAdjectivesPrepositionsConjunctionsNounsPhrasesSentences2.1VerbsIfhehadkepthistemper,thenegotiationwouldprobablyhavebeenasuccess.（正面表达）假如他忍住脾气，谈判可能已经成功了。（正面表达）假如他不发脾气，谈判可能已经成功了。（反面表达）Herhusbandhatestoseeherstonyface.她丈夫不想（不乐意）看到她那张毫无表情的脸。Doyouknowwhysheisalwaystryingtoavoidyou?你知道她为什么老是不想见你？2.2AdverbsTimeiswhatwewantmost,butwhat,alas,manyuseitworst.时间是我们最缺少的，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人最不善于利用。Slowlyhepulledtheletteroutoftheenvelope,andunfoldedit.他不慌不忙地从信封里抽出信纸，把它打开。Theyresumedtheirseatsmoodily.他们不愉快地又坐了下来。2.3Adjectives•Herfacehadastrange,lostlook.•她的脸上有一种奇异的、不知所措的神情。•Appearancesaredeceptive.•外表是靠不住的。•Wormgear(涡轮)drivesarequietandvibrationfree.•涡轮传动没有噪音，没有震动。•Theexplanationisprettythin.•这个解释是相当不充分的。2.4PrepositionsThelecturerspokeabovetheheadsofhisaudience.•演讲者讲得太深奥，观众听不明白。•Hisanswerisbesidethemark.•他的回答文不对题。2.5Conjuctions•Theywouldratherhavetheblueonethanthegreenone.•他们宁愿要那个蓝色的，不愿要绿色的。•Thestrangerhadalreadygonebeforehehurriedtothehotel.•还没有等他赶到旅馆，那个陌生人早已走了。Sheistoocarefulnottohavenoticedit.她那么小心，不会不注意到这一点的。UntilshespokeIhadnotrealizedshewasforeign.她要是不说话，我还一直不知道她是外国人。2.6Nouns•Therewascompleteabsenceofinformationontheoildepositinthisarea.•关于该地区的石油储量情况，人们毫无所知。Theyfeelgreatanxietyabouthissickness.他们对他的病情感到焦虑不安。Silencereignedalloverthemeetingroomforawhile.一时全场寂静无声。2.7Phrases•Mattie’shandwasunderneath,andEthankepthisclasponitamomentlongerthannecessary.•玛提的手在下，伊桑把它握住，握得比必要的时间长了一会儿。•玛提的手在下，伊桑把它握住，没有立刻松开。Iamatmywit’sendtokeepthechildquiet.我实在是毫无办法让这孩子安静下来。Thepioneersmadelightofdifficultiesandhardships.拓荒者不避艰险。Tomkepttohisroomalldaylong.汤姆终日足不出户。•Thenewsofhisassassinationspreadlikewildfire.•他被刺的消息不胫而走。•Therearemanyenergysourcesinstore.Theproblemhasbeentousetheenergyatareasonablecost.•有许多能源尚未开发。问题始终是要以一个合理的代价利用这些能源。2.8Sentences•IthadbeensixorsevenhourssinceIhadhadanythingtoeat,drinkorsmoke.•我已经六、七个小时没有吃饭、喝水或抽烟了。•Hastemakeswaste.•欲速则不达Thedecisionhastocome.还没有做出决定。Letsleepingdoglie.莫惹是生非。Exercises•“Itwasthemostinfluentialprivategroup,”saysoneofthefoundermembers.•该组织的创始人之一说：“这个组织曾是影响最大的非官方集团•Shemodelsbetweenroles.•她不演戏时做模特。OnSundayJimidlesawayhistime.星期天吉姆无所事事。Therelay(继电器)actedvainlyduetonegligiblecurrent.电流太小，继电器不能启动。UnlessEnglandimprovetheirgame,they'regoingtolosethematch.英格兰队如果不改进打法，就会输掉这场比赛。•Howcanmachinesworkintheabsenceofelectricity?•没有电时，机器如何运转？•Iwasatalosstounderstandwhathealludedto.•我无法领会到他谈话中所指的是什么。•Hisgrandmotherisalready80,butshecarriesheryearslightly.•他祖母已80岁了，可是并不显老。3TheConversionfromNegationtoAffirmationVerbsAdverbsAdjectivesNounsPhrasesSentences3.1Verbs•Annaunfoldedacleanwhitetableclothandwenttofetchsomegrapes．•安娜铺上一块洁净的白桌布，又去取来些葡萄。Thebosscouldfireanyemployeewhohadeverdispleasedhim.老板可以开除任何得罪他的雇员。Atthesametime，evenassheuntiedthepackage，thethoughtcametoher—supposingtheywouldnotwork？就在她打开包的时候，她有一个念头：万一它们不灵验呢？3.2AdverbsEveryonefeltnervousthatafternoon，andtheyallwentabouttheirworkinanunusuallycarefulmanner．那天下午，大家都感到紧张，干活时特别小心谨慎。•“Idon'tknowifIoughttohavecome”,shesaidbreathlessly,graspingTom'sarm.•她气喘吁吁地抓住汤姆的手说“我不知道我是否应该来。”•Thegeneralsaidtheywereunprecedentedlysuccessful.•将军说，他们取得了空前的胜利。3.3AdjectivesYesterdaythePresidentgaveunpreparedspeechbeforeabigaudience.•昨日总统在大庭广众面前即席致辞。•SlaverywasimplicitinGreeklife.•在希腊人的