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。-可编辑修改-附录外文文献原文IndustrialRobotsDefinition“Arobotisareprogrammable,multifunctionalmachinedesignedtomanipulatematerials,parts,tools,orspecializeddevices,throughvariableprogrammedmotionsfortheperformanceofavarietyoftasks.”--RoboticsIndustriesAssociation“Arobotisanautomaticdevicethatperformsfunctionsnormallyascribrdtohumansoramachineinormofahuman.”--WebstersDictionaryTheindustrialrobotisusedinthemanufacturingenvironmenttoincreaseproductivity.Itcanbeusedtodoroutineandtediousassemblylinejobs,oritcanperformjobsthatmightbehazardoustodoroutineandtediousassemblylinejobs,oritcanperformjobsthatmightbehazardoustothehumanworker.Forexample,oneofthefirstindustrialrobotswasusedtoreplacethenuclearfuelrodsinnuclearpowerplants.Ahumandoingthisjobmightbeexposedtoharmfulamountsofradiation.Theindustrialrobotcanalsooperateontheassemblyline,puttingtogethersmallcomponents,suchasplacingelectroniccomponentsonaprintedcircuitboard.Thus,thehumanworkercanberelievedoftheroutineoperationofthistedioustask.Robotscanalsobeprogrammedtodefusebombs,toservethehandicapped,andtoperformfunctionsinnumerousapplicationsinoursociety.Therobotcanbethoughtofasamachinethatwillmoveanend-of-armtool,sensor,andgrippertoapreprogrammedlocation.Whentherobotarrivesatthislocation,itwillperformsomesortoftask.Thistaskcouldbewelding,sealing,machineloading,machineunloading,ora。-可编辑修改-hostofassemblyjobs.Generally,thisworkcanbeaccomplishedwithouttheinvolvementofahumanbeing,exceptforprogrammingandforturningthesystemonandoff.Thebasicterminologyofroboticsystemsisintroducedinthefollowing:1.Arobotisareprogrammable,multifunctionalmanipulatordesignedtomoveparts,materials,tools,orspecialdevicesthroughvariableprogrammedmotionsfortheperformanceofavarietyofdifferenttask.Thisbasicdefinitionleadstootherdefinitions,presentedinthefollowingparagraphs,thatgiveacompletepictureofaroboticsystem.2.Preprogrammedlocationsarepathsthattherobotmustfollowtoaccomplishwork.Atsomeoftheselocations,therobotwillstopandperformsomeoperation,suchasassemblyofparts,spraypainting,orwelding.Thesepreprogrammedlocationsarestoredintherobot’smemoryandarerecalledlaterforcontinuousoperation.Furthermore,thesepreprogrammedlocations,aswellasotherprogramdata,canbechangedlaterastheworkrequirementschange.Thus,withregardtothisprogrammingfeature,anindustrialrobotisverymuchlikeacomputer,wheredatacanbestoredandlaterrecalledandedited.3.Themanipulatoristhearmoftherobot.Itallowstherobottobend,reach,andtwist.Thismovementisprovidedbythemanipulator’saxes,alsocalledthedegreesoffreedomoftherobot.Arobotcanhavefrom3to16axes.Thetermdegreesoffreedomoffreedomwillalwaysrelatetothenumberofaxesfoundonarobot.4.Thetoolingandgrippersarenotpartoftheroboticsystemitself;rather,theyareattachmentsthatfitontheendoftherobot’sarm.Theseattachmentsconnectedtotheendoftherobot’sarmallowtherobottoliftparts,spot-weld,paint,arc-weld,drill,deburr,anddoavarietyoftasks,dependingonwhatisrequiredoftherobot.。-可编辑修改-5.Theroboticsystemcanalsocontroltheworkcelloftheoperatingrobot.theworkcelloftherobotisthetotalenvironmentinwhichtherobotmustperformitstask.Includedwithinthiscellmaybethecontroller,therobotmanipulator,aworktable,safetyfeatures,oraconveyor.Alltheequipmentthatisrequiredinorderfortherobottodoitsjobisincludedintheworkcell.Inaddition,signalsfromoutsidedevicescancommunicatewiththerobotinordertotelltherobotwhenitshouldassembleparts,pickupparts,orunloadpartstoaconveyor.Theroboticsystemhasthreebasiccomponents:themanipulator,thecontroller,andthepowersource.A.ManipulatorThemanipulator,whichdoesthephysicalworkoftheroboticsystem,consistsoftwosections:themechanicalsectionandtheattachedappendage.Themanipulatoralsohasabasetowhichtheappendagesareattached.Fig.1illustratestheconnectionofthebaseandtheappendageofarobot.Thebaseofthemanipulatorisusuallyfixedtotheflooroftheworkarea.Sometimes,though,thebasemaybemovable.Inthiscase,thebaseisattachedtoeitherarailoratrack,allowingthemanipulatortobemovedfromonelocationtoanother.Asmentionedpreviously,theappendageextendsfromthebaseoftherobot.Theappendageisthearmoftherobot.Itcanbeeitherastraight,movablearmorajointedarm.thejointedarmisalsoknownasanarticulatedarm.Theappendagesoftherobotmanipulatorgivethemanipulatoritsvariousaxesofmotion.Theseaxesareattachedtoafixedbase,which,inturn,issecuredtoamounting.Thismountingensuresthatthemanipulatorwillremaininonelocation。。-可编辑修改-Attheendofthearm,awristisconnected.Thewristismadeupofadditionalaxesandawristflange.Thewristflangeallowstherobotusertoconnectdifferenttoolingtothewristfordifferentjobs.Themanipulator’saxesallowittoperformworkwithinacertainarea.Thisareaiscalledtheworkcelloftherobot,anditssizecorrespondstothesizeofthemanipulator.Fig.2illustratestheworkcellofatypicalassemblyrobot.Astherobot’sphysicalsizeincreases,thesizeoftheworkcellmustalsoincrease.Themovementofthemanipulatoriscontrolledbyactuators,ordrivesystems.Theactuators,ordrivesystem,allowsthevariousaxestomovewithintheworkcell.Thedrivesystemcanuseelectric,hydraulic,orpneumaticpower.Theenergydevelopedbythedrivesystemisconvertedtomechanicalp