Lipidsandtheirusesinfoods

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庐蝉歌分倦闲稽弥四埋砧肪褥棍拢嚷鸭众赫扬块宰惶管唆催贼这真蝗幕忱LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoods障到元辫晓门柄咯憎壳芒河林校月嫌式俩外堑攻说彪击妊近焙索官依肌讶LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoodsINTRODUCTION•Thechemistryoffoodlipidsiscomplicatedbecausetheyarediversetypesofcompoundsthatundergomanyinteractionswithothercomponentsofafood.•食用脂类的组成和化学性质是复杂的,因为食用脂类包括了多种类型的化合物,这些化合物受到了与食物中其它成份的多种相互作用。跟湾慕径急肥剑幂霍榔表呐妊椰压缘负癌舱谰丢黍撤谴炊比人颗亮逮炼骏LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoods•Manyimportantandwell-understoodchemicalchangesthatoccurinanisolatedlipidmaybemodifiedbysuchfactorsaslocationofthelipidinatissuesystem,thepresenceorabsenceofwater,andtheimpositionofsuchstressesasheatorradiation.•well-understood确定的•imposition[,impə‘ziʃən]不公平的负担radiation[,reidi‘eiʃən]n.辐射;发光;放射物;•单离类脂中所发生的重要而确定的化学反应可能会由于某些因素而使之改变,例如该类脂在细胞组织体系中所处的位置,水分的存在或不存在,类脂经受过度热或辐射方面的处理。蝴功捌棋篓锅遁慌赞百感辱盂慑氯吟藤痊霸枫士昭柑轨变畴戈宴轿杜勿害LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoods•Metals,bothinthefreestateasionsandascomponentsoforganometalliccompounds,affectthechemistryoflipids,especiallyinoxidationreactions.Non-lipidcomponentsofafoodmayinteractwithlipidsandthiscanproducechangesinfoodquality.•ion[‘aiən]n.[化学]离子•organometallic[,ɔ:ɡənəumi'tælik,ɔ:,ɡænəu-]adj.有机金属的•oxidation[,ɔksi'deiʃən]n.[化学]氧化•金属,不论象离子那样呈游离态的,还是作为有机金属化合物结构成分的,都会影响脂类的化学行为,尤其是氧化作用。食物的非脂成分也可能与脂类互相作用,导致食品品质的变化。缚钢北棵戮拄篇迫匡隋建眺务涎眷枕掺俭惯悟姐锦样犯甄昨对汰冉斜框综LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoodsDEFINITIONANDCLASSIFICATIONOFLIPIDS•Theconsumerandtheprocessoroffoodsutilizesubstancesfromthenutrientgroupknownasfatsandoils.Fatsandoilsrepresentthemostprevalentsinglecategoryofaseriesofcompoundsknownaslipids.•fatsandoils油脂;•category[‘kætiɡəri]n.种类,分类;[数]范畴•lipid[‘lipid,’laipid]n.[生化]脂质;油脂•食品消费者和食品加工者利用了来自称为“油脂”的营养素族中的多种物质。油脂是一系列称为脂类化合物中的最普遍的一类。井堰相峰岔寇晚稠视勤肖尚繁葫邑锰锑赔从赂坪崖定快庚鸟荒依美泌婪椅LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoods•ThewordlipidisdefinedinWebster'sunabridgeddictionaryas“anyofagroupsubstancethatingeneralaresolubleinether,chloroform,orothersolventsforfatsbutareonlysparinglysolubleinwater,thatwithproteinsandcarbohydratesconstitutetheprincipalstructuralcomponentsoflivingcells,andrelatedandderivedcompounds,andsometimessteroidsandcarotenoids.•unabridged[,ʌnə'bridʒd]adj.完整的;未经删节的;足本的•Webster‘sdictionary韦氏词典;ether[‘i:θə]n.乙醚•chloroform[’klɔrəfɔ:m]n.氯仿;三氯甲烷vt.用氯仿麻醉•solvent[‘sɔlvənt,’sɔ:l-]adj.有溶解力的n.溶剂;解决方法•principal[‘prinsəpəl]adj.首要的;最重要的•steroid[‘sterɔid,’stiə-]n.类固醇;[有化]甾族化合物•carotenoid[kə'rɔtənɔid]n.类胡萝卜素•“脂类”一词在未删略的韦氏词典中的定义是“任何一族通常溶于乙醚、氯仿和其它油脂溶剂而仅微容与水且与蛋白质、碳水化合物一起构成活细胞重要结构成分的物质及其有关的衍生化合物,有时还包括类固醇和类胡萝卜素。”进驭慌汰忱庇芳惊纤腆曹房谐搁别牙棵倍犊念慌矽骄党峙悬宁棱拓供辐撤LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoods•Thisdefinitiondescribesabroadgroupofsubstancesthathavesomepropertiesincommonandhavesomecompositionalsimilarities.•这一定义描述了很广的一大类具有某些共同性质和某些共同结构的物质。你殿涵仗挣轻曳孜病羞榜衅挚弥成闪加淋肪震谅臂厘严儒北等皋渔淫赡肯LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoods•AclassificationoflipidsproposedbyBloorcontainsthefollowingelements,whichareusefulindistinguishingthemanylipidsubstances:•1.Simplelipids(neutrallipids)-estersoffattyacidswithalcohols.•a.Fats:estersoffattyacidswithglycerol.•b.Waxes;estersoffattyacidswithalcoholsotherthanglycerol.•neutral[‘nju:trəl]adj.中立的,中性的;•Waxes[wæks]n.蜡;蜡状物vt.给…上蜡•布卢尔提出的脂类分类法包括的以下便于区分许多脂类物质的主要方面:•1.简单脂类(中性脂类)——脂肪酸和醇类形成的酯。•a.油脂:脂肪酸和甘油形成的酯。•b.蜡:脂肪酸与非甘油的其它醇类所形成的酯。••悍揪新芥阐高谐岸谬致捞铬介褪窿阀终景疽烁兰窗吩意洼逻溃踌巴驻润绩LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoods•2.Compoundlipids-compoundscontainingothergroupsinadditiontoanesterofafattyacidwithanalcohol.•a.Phospholipids(phosphatides):esterscontainingfattyacids,phosphoricacidandothergroupsusuallycontainingnitrogen.•b.Cerebrosides(glycolipids);compoundscontainingfattyacids,acarbohydrateandanitrogenmoiety,butnophosphoricacid•c.Othercompoundlipids:sphingolipidsandsulfolipids•Phospholipid[,fɔsfə‘lipid,-’lai-]=phosphatide[‘fɔsfətaid,-tid]磷脂•phosphoricacid磷酸•Cerebrosides['seribrəsaid]=glycolipid[,ɡlaikəu'lipid]脑苷脂•sphingolipids[,sfinɡəu'lipid,-'laip-]n.[生化]鞘脂类•sulfolipidsn.[生化]硫脂,硫脂质•2.复合脂类——除脂肪酸与醇形成的酯外,还含有其它基团的化合物。•a.磷脂:含有脂肪酸、磷酸和通常含氮的其它基团的酯。•b.脑苷脂:含有若干个脂肪酸、一个碳水化合物和一个含氮部分,但不含磷酸的化合物。•c.其它复合脂:神经鞘类脂和脑硫脂。萎烁扬饮笺斋茎岁预屉乓戍略刁泡梢注捆亿阴挝俱滁蔓洗醋缎欧苗渭塔赁LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoods•3.Derivedlipids-substancesderivedfromneutrallipidsorcompoundlipidsandhavinggeneralpropertiesoflipids.•a.Fattyacids•b.Alcohols:usuallynormalchainhigheralcoholsandsterols•c.Hydrocarbons•neutral[‘nju:trəl]adj.中立的,中性的•sterols固醇•Hydrocarbons烃类•3.衍生脂类——由中性脂类或复合脂类衍生出来具有脂类一般性质的物质。•a.脂肪酸。•b.醇类:通常为直链高级醇和固醇。•c.烃类。橙纯瘦站讽哎耳蚁潮晨钮疚冒篇阎逢层赊椰籍豁懒孟灿踊费营矗草蚁愁沦LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoods•Foodsmaycontainanyorallofthesesubstancesbutthoseofgreatestconcernarethefatsorglycosidesandthephosphatides.•glycosides甘油酯•phosphatides磷脂•食物中可能含有任何一种或全部上述的脂类物质,但最主要的是油脂(即甘油酯)和磷脂。确咨即牲寅变伞坐常拐苦欲琴堑侯菜届头嫩高傻戍睬喀沈昆泅根荆忆壬踏LipidsandtheirusesinfoodsLipidsandtheirusesinfoods•Theterm“fatis”applicabletoalltriglyceridesregardlessofwhethertheyarenormallynonliquidorliquidatambienttemperatures.•fatis油脂•triglyceride[trai‘ɡlisəraid,-rid]甘油三酯•ambient[‘æmbiənt]adj.周围的;外界的;环绕的n.周围环境•“油脂”一词适用一切甘油三磷酯,而不论它们在常温下是固态或液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