我们常见的书面文本有四种:Contract(合同),Confirmation(确议书),Agreement(协议)和Memorandum(备忘录)。前两者多用与商业中,其条款要详细且正规。而备忘录多用与团体和政府部门。contract定义为:AcontactinthisLawreferstoanagreementestablishing,modifyingandterminatingthecivilrightsandobligationsbetweensubjectsofequalfooting,thatis,betweennaturalpersons,legalpersonsorotherorganizations”。根据这一定义,合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。Agreement:“Aconsensusofmind,orevidenceofsuchconsensus,inspokeorwrittenform,relatingtoanythingdoneortobedone.”根据这一定义,协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜,经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见,以口头或书面形式做出的约定。,合同要有正本(Original)和副本(Copy)。通常采用的格式是三部分:首部(Head),主体(Body)和尾部(End)。商务中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:Thisagreement/contractismadeandenteredintothis____dayof_____(month),_______(year)byandbetweenPartyA(hereinaftercalledPartyA)andPartyB(hereinaftercalledPartyB)然后是开始陈述:WHEREAS…THEREFORE…Itisherebyagreedasfollows:或以:WITNESSETH,WHEREAS…NOWTHEREFORE,forandinconsiderationofthemutualcovenantsandagreementscontainedherein,thepartiesherebycovenantandagreeasfollows:最后是证明部分:INWITNESSWHEREOF,thepartiesheretohavehereuntosettheirhandsthedayandyearsfirstabovewritten.随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最必备的。合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:1、May,shall,must,maynot(或shallnot)的使用May,shall,must,maynot(或shallnot)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。May旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么),must用于强制性义务(必须做什么),maynot(或shallnot)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。Maydo不能说成cando/shalldo,不能说成shoulddo或oughttodo,maynotdo在美国一些法律文件可以用shallnot,但绝不能用cannotdo或mustnot。例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说:Thepartiesheretoshall,firstofall,settleanydisputearisingfromorinconnectionwiththecontractbyfriendlynegotiations.Shouldsuchnegotiationsfail,suchdisputemaybereferredtothePeople'sCourthavingjurisdictiononsuchdisputeforsettlementintheabsenceofanyarbitrationclauseinthedisputedcontractorindefaultofagreementreachedaftersuchdisputeoccurs.本句中的shall和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好像一出事就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。2、正式用语(FormalTerms)合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如:“因为”的短语多用“byvirtueof”,远远多于“dueto”一般不用“becauseof”;“财务年度末”一般用“atthecloseofthefiscalyear”,而不用“intheendofthefiscalyear”;“在……之前”一般用“priorto”,而不用“before”;“关于”常用“asregards”,“concerning”或“relatingto”,而不会用“about”;“事实上”用“ineffect”,而不用“infact”;“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;“停止做”用“ceasetodo”,而不用“stoptodo”;“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:Themeetingshallbeconvenedandpresidedbysomebody。其中“召开”不用hold或call,而用convene;“主持”不用chair或beinchargeof,而用preside;“其他事项”用miscellaneous,而不用othermatters/events;“理解合同”用construeacontract或comprehendacontract,而不用understandacontract;“认为”用deem,用consider少,不用think或believe;“愿意做”用intendtodo或desiretodo,而不用wanttodo,wishtodo。3、用词专业(TechnicalTerms)合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、ActofGod、jurisdiction、damageand/orloss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafterreferredtoas,whereas,inwitnesswhereof,forandonbehalfof,hereby,thereof等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有:“赔偿”用indemnities,而不用compensation;“不动产转让”用conveyance,而不用transferofrealestate;“房屋出租”用tenancy,而“财产出租”用leaseofproperty;“停业”用windupabusiness或cease(名词是cessation)abusiness,而不用end/stopabusiness;专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用royalties;“以实物出资”为investmentinkind;“依照合同相关规定”一般说pursuanttoprovisionscontainedherein或asprovidedherein等,不说accordingtorelevanttermsandconditionsinthecontract;“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为Neitherpartyheretomayassignthiscontract,其中hereto表示tothecontract,选用Neitherpartytothecontract的时候较少。4forvaluereceived,theundersigneddoesherebysell,transfer,assignandsetoverto______allhisright,tileandinterestinandtoacertaincontractdated______,19____byandbetweentheundersignedand______,acopyofwhichisannexedhereto.在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell,transfer,assignandsetover,right和tileandinterest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:thisagreementismadeandenteredintobyandbetweenpartyaandpartyb.句中“madeandenteredinto”和“byandbetween”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。forandinconsiderationofmutualcovenantsandagreementscontainedherein,thepartiesherebycovenantandagreeasfollows:句中“forandinconsiderationof”,“covenantsandagreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。thepartieshaveagreedtovarythemanagementonthetermsandsubjecttotheconditionscontainedherein.这里的“ontheterms”和“subjecttotheconditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“termsandconditions”再例如:partyawishestobereleasedanddischargedfromagreementasfromtheeffectivedate”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。并列的词还有:shipsandvesselssupportandmaintenancelicensesandpermitscharges,fees,costsandexpensesanyandallanyduties,obligationsorliabilitiesthepartners,theirheirs,successorsandassignscontrolandmanagementofthepartnershipapplicablelaws,regulations,decrees,directives,andrulesByandbetween由Inandforconsiderationof考虑到,鉴于Forandonbehalfof为了,代表Saveandexcept除了Infullforceandeffect生效Furnishandprovide提供Makeandenterinto达成Releaseanddischarge弃权,让渡Fulfillorperform履行Procureandensure保证和确保Forceandeffect效力Rightandinterest权益Powerandauthority权力Convenantsandagreements契约Termsandconditions条款Goodsandchattels个人动产,有形