阅读中的长难句处理

阅读中的长难句处理一、三长两短一并列IamMrsDeng.主---系---表Iloveyou.主---谓---宾（注意语序）I’mMrsDengfromNo.49MiddleSchool.Iloveyoufromthebottomofmyheart.加上修饰成分以后，句子变长；英语修饰成分在句中的位置灵活多变，使得句子不易理解。(Afterchatting)(withLaura)(onthismatter)(fortwohours)(from2:00)(to4:00)(intheafternoon),Ireturned(tomyoffice).构成长难句的三种较长修饰成分：1.介词短语2.从句3.非谓语动词短语三长两短：镶嵌于句子之中的、会提高句子复杂度的形容词、副词。一并列：平行并列结构用表示并列关系的连词and,or,aswellas将句子变长英语句子都由这三长两短一并列和一些特殊句式（therebe句型，Itis+adj.+forsb.todo句型，倒装句型，强调句型等组成。给三长两短做标记（）；【】；————1.介词结构定义：从介词开始到名词结束，表达一个完整的意义的结构。起止标识：从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词结束。如：athome,intheschool,inthebeautifulpark,duringmyhappychildhood,overthelastfewyears,forthreeweeks,tothedestination从句定义：从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that,if,although和wh-等关系词引导的部分。起止标识：从关系词开始，到以下四种情况结束：1）到句尾终止：liuHuiisateacher(whoteachesEnglish.)2）到句中的逗号终止：(WhenIwasyoung),Ilistenedtotheradio.3)到下一个修饰成分终止：IwillinviteYaoMing(whoisatopbasketballplayer)toBeijing.4)到下一个谓语动词终止：YaoMing(whowasabasketballplayer)isstudyinginShanghai.3.非谓语动词短语定义：todo/tobedone/tobedoing/tohavedonedoing/havingdone/havingbeendonedone/beingdone起止标识：从to;doing;done开始，到以下四种情况结束：1)到句尾终止：LiuHuiisateacher(teachingEnglish).2)到句中的逗号终止:(ToimprovemyEnglish),IoftenlistentotheEnglishradio.3)到下一个修饰成分终止：Jackwalkedintothehall,(waving)totheaudience.4)到下一个谓语动词终止：We,(singingahappysong),rodetoschool.两短1.形容词【定义】形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，往往带有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后缀。【常见位置】①一般置于名词之前，如abeautifulpark。②修饰不定代词(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)时置于不定代词之后如“一些有趣的事”应译为somethinginteresting。2.副词（可不标记）【定义】副词用来修饰形容词、动词等词，往往带有-ly等后缀【常见位置】英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。①置于整句前，如：Unfortunately,hefailedtomakeit.②置于整句之后，如：Theteachergreetshisstudentsindividually.③可置于“助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前”Theprincesslooksextremelybeautifultoday.(系动词后)Heimmediatelysawtheblackcat.(实义动词前)Hehasundoubtedlyfalleninlovewiththeprincess.(助动词之后，实义动词之前)Hecanhardlyspeakanything.(情态动词后，实义动词前)④可置于形容词或副词之前，如：Thereisanextremelybeautifulgardeninourcampus.平行并列关系【定义】指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。【标记方法】给并列词加方框，给并列项加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列项。在标注形如AandB的平行并列结构时，应先找B(即右并列项)后找A(即左并列项)。由于英语中的修饰成分往往置于中心词之后，所以A和B两个并列项后面可能各自带有很长的尾巴，形成“A…andB…”的形式，导致A离and相对较远，不易辨认，而B通常离and很近，容易识别。找到B之后，利用A和B结构相同、含义相似的原则，很容易将A确定出来。【常见并列关系】并列成分有很多，要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。①n+n：Iliketheboxplacedonthedeskandtheflowersinyourhand.②adj.+adj.：Mr.Smithisakind,patientandknowledgeableEnglishteacher.③副词并列：Youaresupposedtoanswerthefollowingquestionsquicklyandaccurately.④谓语动词并列：WiththeInternet,peoplecannotonlyplaycomputergamesbutalsodoonlineshopping.⑤介词短语并列：Andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.⑥从句并列：I’vefinishedreadingthebook(whichiswrittenbyMoYan)and(whichyoulentmelastmonth).⑦非谓语动词并列：Singingandlaughing,weheadedtothepark.⑧整句并列：Thechildrencangowithusortheycanstayathome.“三长两短一并列”三步法：一、做标记(括号连括号）LiuHuiisateacher(teachingEnglish)(inBeijing)(whichisthecapital)(ofChina).二、做直译（提问+回答）三、调语序（可与二合并）Practice1.TheDepartmentofAgriculturehasprogramsaimedatdevelopingmorefarmersandatincreasinginterestinlocallygrownfood.(12JS)2.Ifyoustartedtodryclothesinthemorningandforgottotakethemout,youcangotoyourphoneandrestartyourdryerforthetimewhencominghome,soyourclothesarerefreshedandreadytogo.(12SD)3.Fearmaybefeltintheheartaswellasinthehead,accordingtoastudythathasfoundalinkbetweenthecyclesofabeatingheartandthechanceofsomeonefeelingfear.4.SarahGarfinkelattheBrightonandSussexMedicalSchoolsaid,“Ourstudyshowforthefirsttimethatthewayinwhichwedealwithfearisdifferentdependingonwhenweseefearfulpicturesinrelationtoourheart.5.Dr.Garfinkelsaid,“Thestudyshowedthatfearfulfacesarebetternoticedwhentheheartispumpingthanwhenitisrelaxed.”6.“Wehopethatbyincreasingourunderstandingabouthowfearisdealtwithandwaysthatitwouldbereduced,wemaybeabletodevelopmoresuccessfultreatmentsforanxiety,disorders,andalsoforthosewhomaybesufferingfromseriousstressdisorder.”4.标题中大小写、格式一般不作严格要求。通常采用以下几种方式：1).第一单词首字母大写：(专有词汇需大写的除外，如：China)Howtodealwithstress2).实词首字母大写：HowtoDealwithStress3).所有字母都大写：HOWTODEALWITHSTRESS5.标题中一般不用句号，但其他标点要标出。例如：Fire!Whydoweneeddictionaries?Thequestionis,whydotheyhavethisaddiction?Thereisn’taspecificreason.Somepeoplegoshoppingwhentheyaresad,worried,upsetorlonelyandtheywanttofeelbetter.Theyusethisactivityasawaytoforgettheirproblems.Shopaholicssaythattheyfeelmoreimportantandbetteraftertheybuysomething.Theyalsotendtohavethisaddictionwhentheyfeelguilty.Question：Whatisthemainideaofthisparagraph?(within8words)Answer：Whypeoplehaveshoppingaddiction.Thereasonswhypeoplehaveshoppingaddition.Thereasonsforpeople’sadditiontoshopping.【主旨概括（08）】评分标准：答案中含有表达原因的词、短语或句型给1分；有表达购物的词、短语或句型给1分、有表达成瘾的词、短语或句型给1分。3分档答案：Thereason(s)whypeopleturnintoshopaholics.Thereason(s)whypeopleareaddictedtoshopping.Reason(s)forpeople’saddictiontoshopping.【主旨概括（08）】2分档答案：Whydotheyhaveshoppingaddiction?Whydosomepeoplehavethisaddiction?Thereasonwhysomepeoplehavethisaddiction.Thereason(s)whytheyhaveshoppingaddiction.1分档答案：Whydotheyhavethisaddiction?Thereason(s)whytheyhavethisaddiction2、句子填空/补全句子关键:方法:把握语境和上下文之间的逻辑关系1）在理解全文的基础上把握上下文之间的逻辑关系，确定需要填写的是短语还是完整句子；2）注意书写时的问题，如大小写、时态、语态、单复数、字数等。3）代入答案检查，看上下文是否通顺，能