英语国家社会文化之美国经济-US-economy

USChapterEconomyBrainstormDoyouknowanyAmericancompanyorbrand?Whataretheyfamousfor?ColonialperiodNorthSouthIndustrialRevolutionAdamSmithwasaScottishsocialphilosopherandapioneerofpoliticaleconomy.TheWealthofNations,isconsideredasthefirstmodernworkofeconomics.Smithiswidelycitedasthefatherofmoderneconomicsandcapitalism.TwoGreenhousesforIndustrialGrowthinU.S.1.Politicalleaders’decisionsAlexanderHamilton&protectivetariff2.ImmigrationpopulationfromEurope◦sensitivewithrevolution◦Americanindustrialdevelopment’sneeds--skilledartisans,laborscarce--newmethodwelcomedFiveMajorDevelopments1.IntroductionofthefactorysystemthefirstfactoryinU.S.,1793bySamuelSlater◦Cottonclothfactory◦TheNortheasternregion:themanufacturingcenter◦TheSouthernregion:cottonplantbase◦Theresult:US-amajorcottonproducerwyy2006.4.257IndustrialRevolution8SlaterMillwyy2006.4.259ACottonOfficein18732.MassproductionMassproductionistheproductionoflargeamountsofstandardizedproducts,includingandespeciallyonassemblylines.theAmericansystemofmassproduction---EliWhitneymadecottonproductionmoreefficientbyinventingamachine—thecottonginwyy2006.4.2512---beganmanufacturingriflesinanewwayEliWhitneyGunFactory14---1913,theauto-makerHenryFordintroducedthemovingassemblyline.---conceptsofscientificmanagementhelpedtolowerthecostsofproductionstillfurther.wyy2006.4.2515AnAssemblyLine16---Lowercostsmadepossiblebothhigherwagesforworkersandlowerpricesforconsumers.FiveMajorDevelopments3.Newtechnologyinindustrialtasks◦steamengine—replacewaterturbines◦Steamboats;locomotives;textileindustry,after1860◦Inventionsin19th&20thcentury◦Result:economicactivitiesincreasedThe19thCentury:canyounametheseinventions?The20thCenturyFiveMajorDevelopments4.Newformsofbusinessorganizations◦thefirstAmericancommercialbank,1780s◦1863,standardpapercurrency◦Corporationvs.soleproprietorshipandthepartnership◦Onedistinguishedfeatureofcorporation:limitedliability(Co.Ltd.)LimitedliabilityItisaconceptthatthevalueofaperson'sinvestmentinacompanyorpartnershipwithlimitedliability.Ifacompanywithlimitedliabilityissued,thentheplaintiffs(原告)aresuingthecompany,notitsownersorinvestors.Ashareholder(股东)inalimitedcompanyisnotpersonallyliableforanyofthedebtsofthecompany,otherthanforthevalueoftheirinvestmentinthatcompany.usuallythatperson‘sdividends(股息)inthecompanybeingzero,sincethecompanyhasnoprofitstoallocate.Bycontrast,soleproprietors(独资经营者)andpartnersingeneralpartnerships(普通合伙企业)areeachliableforallthedebtsofthebusiness(unlimitedliability).5.Railroads&westwardexpansiontheconstructionofrailroadsbeginninginthe1830smarkedthestartofanewerafortheUnitedStates.QuestionCanyouthinkofanyreasonswhyAmericahasdevelopedintotherichandaffluentcountry?Anyopportunities?Advantages?Principalideaineconomy:FreeEnterpriseKeyconceptsCapitalismLaissez-faireEconomicfreedomStockexchangeCapitalismCapitalismisaneconomicsysteminwhichthemeansofproductionareprivatelyownedandoperatedforprofit,usuallyincompetitivemarkets.privatepropertypowerrelationswagelaborclassLaissez-faireItisFrenchandliterallymeansletdo,butitbroadlyimpliesletitbe,orleaveitalone.Ineconomics,laissez-fairedescribesanenvironmentinwhichtransactionsbetweenprivatepartiesarefreefromstateintervention,includingrestrictiveregulations,taxes,tariffsandenforcedmonopolies.Economicfreedom&freemarketThefreemarketviewpointunderstandseconomiclibertyasthefreedomtoproduce,tradeandconsumeanygoodsandservicesacquiredwithouttheuseofforce,fraudortheft.embodiedin:theruleoflawpropertyrightsfreedomofcontractexternalandinternalopennessofthemarkets,freedomofeconomicinitiative.stockexchangeAstockexchangeisanentitythatprovidesservicesforstockbrokersandtraderstotradestocks,bonds,andothersecurities.NotallbusinessessellstockPubliclimitedcompany&privatecompanyCanyouthinkaboutProblemswiththedevelopmentofcapitalism?1.Largeurbanpopulation2.Exploitationonworkers3.Discriminationinhiring4.monopolygovernmentroleBefore1945:LittleinterferenceQuestion:whatistheproblemcausedby“Laissezfaire”concept?FirstchangeandgovernmentactionGreatDepression1929stockmarketcrashFranklinRoosevelt-NewDealQuestion:whatwasNewDealeraabout?Whatwerethechanges?OthergovernmentinterferenceReadanddiscussWhatwerethegovernmentpoliciesduring1960sand1970s?Why?Whatwerethegovernmentpoliciesduring1980s?Why?ChallengesinrecenttimeInternetbubbleCanyoudefine?Whatis“dot.combubble”?HousingbubbleWhatishousingbubble?Howitstarted?DiscussionDoyouthinkChinaisexperiencingsimilarchallenges?Why?Pretendyouaretheleader:Howdoyouthinkthecountrycouldsolvetheproblems?Today’sfinancialandeconomicalcenterWallStreetSiliconValleyWhatdoyouknowabout“siliconvalley”?Canyounamesomeofthebigcompanies?SouthofSanFranciscoBayAreaCiscoHeadquartersSiliconValleySchoolinsideSiliconValleyDiscussionandshareWhydoyouthinktheWallStreetandSiliconValleycanbecomefinancialandeconomicalcenterofthecountry?Whatarethedifferencesofthetwocenters?