New-Zealand-英语国家社会文化之新西兰

NewZealandNewZealandisallaboutNationalFlagofNewZealand:theUnionJackandthestarsoftheSouthernCross南十字星座EthnicgroupsEuropean75percentMaori15percentPacificIslander5percentOther(includingAsian)5percentLanguagesEnglish(official),Maori(official),PolynesianlanguagesInApril2006,NewZealandbecamethefirstcountrytodeclaresignlanguage,thelanguageofthedeafcommunity,asanofficiallanguage,alongsideEnglishandMaori.ReligionProtestant24percentAnglican圣公会21percentRomanCatholic13percentBuddhist1percentNonreligious13percentOther(includingJewishandHindu)28percentGeographyTheGeographicalFeatures:NewZealandisintheSouthernPacificOcean,halfwaybetweentheequatorandtheSouthPole.ItislocatedwithintheRingofFire,aregionencirclingthePacificOceanwherethemovementoftectonicplatesleadstovolcanicandseismic(地震)activity.TheRingofFireTheRingofFireisazoneoffrequentearthquakesandvolcaniceruptionsthatencirclesthebasinofthePacificOcean.90%oftheworld'searthquakesoccuralongtheRingofFire.Itisadirectconsequenceofplatetectonics板块构造andthemovementandcollisionsofcrustal(地壳的)plates.•Ithastwomainislands:NorthIslandandSouthIsland.•MtCook:thehighestpeak,3,754metershigh;•LakeTaupo:thelargestlake,covering606sqkm;itis40kmlongand27kmwide.Inthesurroundingareaarenumerousgeysersandhotsprings.•TheClutha:thelargestriver,336kmlongintheSouthIsland.MountCookLakeTaupositsincentralNorthIsland.Itcovers606sqkm;itis40kmlongand27kmwide.Inthesurroundingareaarenumerousgeysersandhotsprings.LakeTaupoTheClutha:thelargestriverinNewZealandTheCluthaLadyKnoxGeyser:ThenorthcentralregionofNewZealand’sNorthIslandisanareaofactivevolcanism.Inadditiontothreeactivevolcanoes,therearegeysers,liketheLadyKnoxGeyser,mudpools,andhotsprings.ClimateTheclimateofNewZealandisgenerallytemperate,butbecausethecountryrunsnorthsouth,theclimateisvaried.History•Maoricamebetween1,000and3,000yearsago•Europeanscameinthe17thcentury•SigningoftheTreatyofWaitangi1840Before1840ThefirstpeopletosettleNewZealandweretheancestorsoftheMaori毛利人,whoarethoughttohavecalledtheislandsAotearoa(“LandoftheLongWhiteCloud”).TheMaoriwerepartofthespreadofPolynesianpeoplesacrossthefar-flungislandsofthePacificOceanbetween1,000and3,000yearsago.TheEuropeanhistorybeginsinthe17thcentury.AbelTasman:aDutchnavigator,thefirstEuropeantovisitNewZealandin1642CaptainJamesCook:thefirstEnglishmantovisitNewZealandin1769TheTreatyofWaitangi1840•TheTreatyofWaitangiwassignedon6thFebruary,1840byGovernorWilliamHobsonand50Maorichiefs.GreatBritainformallyproclaimedsovereigntyovertheislandandagreedtorespectthelandownershiprightsoftheMaori,whoplacedthemselvesundertheprotectionoftheBritishgovernment.February6thisnowcelebratedasNewZealand’sNationalDay—WaitangiDayWaitangiNationalMaoriReserve:ThissiteontheNorthlandpeninsulaisconsideredthebirthplaceofmodernNewZealand.TheTreatyofWaitangiwassignedherebetweentheMaoriandtheUnitedKingdomon6February1840.TherestoredWaitangiTreatyHouseAfter1840SettlementofNewZealandfromtheBritishIslesandAustraliabeganinearnestafterthesigningoftheTreatyofWaitangi.TheEuropeanpopulationofNewZealandgrewfromabout1,000inthe1830stonearly60,000in1858,andthenrocketedto500,000bytheearly1880s.LikeAustralia,foralongtime,NewZealandhadfollowedthepolicyofBritainanddependedonBritainforprotection.YetduringandaftertheSecondWorldWar,NewZealandbegantoshiftitsallegianceawayfromBritaintowardtheUnitedStates.In1951,NewZealandsignedtheANZUSTreaty《澳新美安全条约》withtheUnitedStatesandAustralia.Inthemid-1980s,NewZealanddeclareditsantinuclearpolicyandbecameanuclearfreezone.ThispolicyledtoAmerica’ssuspensionoftheANZUSsecurityguaranteestoNewZealandin1986.FormofgovernmentParliamentarydemocracyHeadofstateGovernor-general,representingtheBritishmonarchHeadofgovernmentPrimeministerLegislatureUnicamerallegislatureHouseofRepresentatives:120members(forthreeyears)GovernmentandPoliticsFirst-levelpoliticaldivisions12regionsand4unitaryauthoritiesConstitutionNowrittenconstitution;politicalsystemcloselymodeledonthatoftheUnitedKingdom.Beehive蜂窝,Wellington:TheBeehive,namedforitsappearance,ispartoftheparliamentarycomplexinWellington,thecapitalofNewZealand.Thebuildinghousestheofficesoftheprimeministerandthecabinet.In1893NewZealandbecamethefirstcountryintheworldtoextendthevotetowomen.TheNewZealandwomenshownhereparticipatinginantovoteforthefirsttime.HelenClarkIn1999HelenClark,leaderoftheLaborParty,becamethefirstfemaleprimeministerinNewZealand.ShewonherthirdelectioninSeptember,2005(threeyearsforoneterm).MaoritangameansMaoriculture,theMaoriwayoflifeandviewoftheworld•Threestagesofculturaldevelopment:•TheearliestculturaltraditioninNewZealandwasthatoftheMaori,whodevelopedarichanddiversePolynesiancultureingeographicisolationfromtheotherculturesofPolynesia.•Europeansettlersbroughtwiththemtheirowntraditions,whicheventuallydominatedthecountry’sculturallife.•Sincethe1950stheculturalfabricofNewZealandhasbecomeincreasinglydiversewiththeimmigrationofpeoplesfromthePacificIslandsandAsia.Maoritanga•TraditionalMaoricultureisexpressedinsong,dance,oratory,woodcarving,weaving,andarchitecture.•Inthe1980stheyinitiatedareviv