Australia-英语国家社会文化之澳大利亚

AUSTRALIABrainstormWhatcomestoyourmindaboutAustralia?KoalakangarooGeneralinformationAustralia,officiallytheCommonwealthofAustralia,isacountryintheSouthernHemispherecomprisingthemainlandoftheAustraliancontinent,theislandofTasmaniaandnumeroussmallerislandsintheIndianandPacificForatleast40,000yearsbeforeEuropeansettlementinthelate18thcentury,AustraliawasinhabitedbyindigenousAustralians.AftersporadicvisitsbyfishermenfromtheimmediatenorthanddiscoverybyDutchexplorersin1606,Australia'seasternhalfwasclaimedbyBritainin1770andinitiallysettledthroughpenaltransportationtothecolonyofNewSouthWales,foundedon26January1788.On1January1901,thesixcoloniesbecameafederationandtheCommonwealthofAustraliawasformed.SinceFederation,AustraliahasmaintainedastableliberaldemocraticpoliticalsystemandisaCommonwealthrealm.Thepopulationis22million,withapproximately60%concentratedinandaroundthemainlandstatecapitalsofSydney,Melbourne,Brisbane,PerthandAdelaide.GeographyTheworld'ssmallestcontinentandsixthlargestcountrybytotalarea,Australia—owingtoitssizeandisolation—isoftendubbedthe'islandcontinent'andvariablyconsideredtheworld'slargestisland.GeographicRegionWesternPlateautheEasternHighlands•Central-EasternLowlandsMountKosciuszko(科修斯科山)SouthwestinCanberraofnewsouthwalesThehighestpointinAustraliaandOceania2228metersabovesealevelPolandexplorerschmitz,laikayfoundthemountainin1839,andthepolishheronamedafter(1746-1817).Murray-DarlingBasin(墨累达令流域)3370kilometerslong,watershedcovers1/7ofthelandareaofAustraliaAustralia'smostimportantagriculturalarea.Thenameofthisriverbasinisfromthebasin'stwomajorrivers,theMurrayanddarlingrivers.LakeEyre(艾尔湖)ThelowestpointinthecountrySome12metersbelowsealevelClimateClimatefacts1、SouthernHemisphereJanuaryandFebruaryarethehottestsummermonthsJuneandJulyarethecoldestwintermonths2、Varygreatlyfromregiontoregiontropicalarea—hotallyearwithoutwintertemperateregionsofthesouth:enjoyamoderateclimate,withhotsummersandmildwintersThecoldestareasarethehighlandsandplateausofTasmaniaandthesoutheasternportionofthemainland.Climatefacts3、AustraliaiswidelyknownastheDryContinentduetoitslowrainfall.ThearidityofAustraliastemsfromitsproximitytotheequator.4、ThehotanddryconditionsofAustraliabringaboutrecurringdroughtsacrossthecountry.The1895to1903droughtisconsideredAustrali'sworstdraughtintermsofseverityandscale.WesternPlateauDesertsCentraleasternlowlandAliceSpringsEasternhighlandTheGreatDividingRange,ortheEasternHighlands,isAustralia'smostsubstantialmountainrangeandthethirdlongestland-basedrangeintheworld.TasmaniaPrivateislandsGoldenCoastHistoryEarlyHistoryDiscoveryandExplorationEuropeanSettlementColonizationTheRoadTowardFederationAustraliainthe20thCenturyTheAborigineswerethefirstinhabitantsofAustralianfromsoutheastAsiaatleast50,000yearsagoandtheymainlylivedinthenortherncoast,thesoutheastandTasmania.Whytheymigrated?itwasaperiodwhenlowsealevelspermittedthesimplestformsoflandandwatertravel.Thewayoftheirliving:anomadicorsemi-nomadiclifeTheAboriginesusedfireasahuntingtoolandtheyhadauniquerelationshipwiththeenvironment,theirreligiousbeliefswerefirmlylinkedtothelandandthoselivingthings.FirestickFarmingTheAboriginesusedfireasahuntingtool,theyclearedareasusingfireinordertostimulatethegrowthofgrazingpasturesanddriveoutsmallanimalsthattheycouldeasilycapture,whichiscalledfirestickingfarming.Discovery:ThefirstEuropeansightingofAustralianwasin1606bytheDutchnavigatorWillemJanszooandhesightedthecoastofCapeYorkPeninsula(约克角半岛）.thecoastofCapeYorkPeninsulaAgeofExploration:1.Development:Duringthe17thcentury,theDutchcharteredthewholeofthewesternandnortherncoastline.2.Capture:theEnglishcaptain,JamesCook,namedtheeasterncoastofAustralianNewSouthWalesandformallyclaimeditforBritain.DiscoveryandexplorationEuropeanSettlement?Why?CausesofEuropeansettlementtheindustrialrevolutiontransformedthecountryfromalargelyruralsocietyalmostentirelydependentonagriculturetoatown-centeredoneengagedincreasinglyincommercialmanufacturing.TherisingcrimeratecompelledBritaintofindsomewheretohousethepopulationofitsovercrowdedprisons.PenalSettlements1783:theAmericanRevolutionendedandAustraliawasestablishedasanewpenalsettlementatBotanyBayinAustralia.Difficultyinitialfailuresinfarming.SolutioncaptainjohnMacarthurbeganbreedingfinemerinosheepfortheirwool.EuropeanSettlementFirstpermanentcolonyThegroupfoundtheBotanyBayisanunsuitablechoice,sotheymovednorthtoSydneyonJanuary26,1788,adatenowcelebratedasAustraliaday.Here,PhillipestablishedBritain’sfirstpermanentcolony.Newcolonies:HobartinTasmania(1804)BrisbaneatMoretonBay(1824)AlbanyinWesternAustralia(1826)EuropeanSettlementColonizationNewcolonies:newsouthWales(1788),Tasmania(1852),westernAustralia(1830),southAustralia(1836),Victoria(1851),Queensland(1859)Growthofsheepgrazing:bothfarmingandminingindustriesunderwentrapiddevelopment.Large-scalegrazingalsodevelopedinthe1830sand1840swhennewsettlersestablishedhugesheepruns.Goldrush:duetothegoldrush,whichmadeadramaticcontributiontothegrowthoftheeconomy,thepopulationexpandedrapidl