canada-英语国家社会文化之加拿大

CanadaOverviewofCanadaOfficialName:CanadaCapital:OttawaTypeofgovernment:aconstitutionalmonarchywithparliamentarydemocracy,aswellasbeingafederation.Area:9,976,162sqkmOfficialLanguage:EnglishandFrenchPopulation:over31millionPeople:84.6%areWhitepeople,1.6%areBlack,0.4%areHispanic,6.9%areAsian,and6.5%areothernativepeoples.Religion:Christianity77%,None16.2%,Islam2.0%,Judaism1.1%,Hinduism1.0%,Buddhism1.0%,Sikhism0.9%(2001)Flag&CoatofArmsWhite:peaceandhonestyRed:hardiness,bravery&strengthThe11-pointedmapleleafinthemiddledoesnotrepresentanythingGeneralGeographyCanadaisacountryinNorthAmerica,extendingfromtheAtlanticOceanintheeasttothePacificOceaninthewestandnorthwardintotheArcticOcean.Itistheworld'ssecondlargestcountrybytotalarea.Canada'scommonborderwiththeUnitedStatestothesouthandnorthwestisthelongestintheworld.FormationofprovincesIn1867,withtheunionofthreeBritishNorthAmericancoloniesthroughConfederation,Canadawasformedasafederaldominionoffourprovinces.ThisbegananaccretionofprovincesandterritoriesandaprocessofincreasingautonomyfromtheUnitedKingdom.ThiswideningautonomywashighlightedbytheStatuteofWestminsterof1931andculminatedintheCanadaActof1982,whichseveredthevestigesoflegaldependenceontheBritishparliament.ProvincesandterritoriesCanadaisafederationcomposedoftenprovincesandthreeterritories.thesemaybegroupedintoregions:WesternCanada,CentralCanada,AtlanticCanada,andNorthernCanada(thelattermadeupofthethreeterritories:Yukon,NorthwestTerritories,andNunavut).tenprovincesandthreeterritories加拿大十省三地区分别为：阿尔伯塔省（英语、法语：Alberta，成立年份：1905年）不列颠哥伦比亚省（英语：BritishColumbia，法语：Colombie-Britannique，加入年份：1858年）马尼托巴省（英语、法语：Manitoba，加入年份为1870年）纽芬兰与拉布拉多省（英语：NewfoundlandandLabrador，法语：Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador，加入年份：1949年）新不伦瑞克省（英语：NewBrunswick，法语：Nouveau-Brunswick，加入年份：1867年）西北领地（英语：NorthwestTerritories，法语：TerritoiresduNord-Ouest，加入年份：1870年）新斯科舍省（英语：NovaScotia，法语：Nouvelle-Écosse，加入年份：1867年）努纳武特地区（英语、法语：Nunavut，于1999年从西北地区分割出来）安大略省（英语、法语：Ontario，加入年份：1867年）爱德华王子省（英语：PrinceEdwardIsland，法语：Île-du-Prince-Édouard，加入年份：1873年）魁北克省（法语：Québec，英语：Quebec，加入年份为1867年）萨斯喀彻温省（英语、法语：Saskatchewan，成立年份：1905年）育空地区（英语、法语：Yukon，加入年份：1898年）Provinceshavemoreautonomythanterritories.(suchashealthcare,education,andwelfare)andtogethercollectmorerevenuethanthefederalgovernment,analmostuniquestructureamongfederationsintheworld.WestCanadianNaturalsceneryinBritishColumbiaNaturalsceneryinBritishColumbiaNaturalsceneryinBritishColumbiaTownsVancouverWesternseasideVictoriaBanffNationalParkCentralCanadaNiagaraFallNiagaraFallonUSsideOttawaOttawaisthecapitalofCanada.thecityliesonthesouthernbanksoftheOttawaRiver,amajorwaterwayformingthelocalboundarybetweentheprovincesofOntarioandQuebec.TorontoTorontoisthelargestcityinCanadaandtheprovincialcapitalofOntario.ItislocatedinSouthernOntarioonthenorthwesternshoreofLakeOntario.Withover2.5millionresidents,itisthefifthmostpopulousmunicipalityinNorthAmerica.TorontoOldQuebecCityAtlanticCanadaPrinceEdwardIslandNewfoundlandNorthernCanadaTemperaturesacrossCanadavaryaccordingtothelocation.Winterscanbeharshinmanyregionsofthecountry,particularlyintheinteriorandPrairieprovinces,whichexperienceacontinentalclimate.Innoncoastalregions,snowcancoverthegroundalmostsixmonthsoftheyear(moreinthenorth).CoastalBritishColumbiaenjoysatemperateclimate,withamildandrainywinter.TemperatureandclimateColdwinterintheinteriorlandWinterinthecoastalareaHistoryTheFirstNations(theAboriginalpeople):Indianpeoples,primarilytheInuit(Eskimo)EuropeansettlementinCanada:1497,JohnCabotreachedNovaScotia1534,JacquesCartierinthe17thcentury,FrenchcolonistsfirstsettledinCanada.TheearliestmajorsettlementswereestablishedinNovaScotiain1604andQuebecin1608.PeopleAboriginalpeoplesinCanadaincludetheFirstNationsInuit,andMétis.TheMétisisacultureofmixedbloodoriginatedinthemid-17thcenturywhenFirstNationandInuitmarriedEuropeansettlers.TheInuithadmorelimitedinteractionwithEuropeansettlersduringtheearlyperiods.HistoryIn1867CanadawasbornwhenQuebec,Ontario,NewBrunswickandNovaScotiaalljoininto“oneDominionunderthenameofCanada”onJuly1.In1919,CanadajoinedtheLeagueofNationsindependentlyofBritain;in1931,theStatuteofWestminsteraffirmedCanada’sindependence.In1945,duringthewar,CanadabecameoneofthefoundingmembersoftheUnitedNations.Newfoundland:thelastprovincetojoinCanadain1949ThelandthatisnowCanadawasinhabitedformillenniabyvariousgroupsofAboriginalpeoples.Beginninginthelate15thcentury,BritishandFrenchexpeditionsexplored,andlatersettled,alongtheAtlanticcoast.FrancecedednearlyallofitscoloniesinNorthAmericain1763aftertheSevenYears'War.GovernmentandpoliticsCanadahasstrongdemocratictraditionsupheldthroughaparliamentarygovernmentwithintheconstructofconstitutionalmonarchy,themonarchyofCanadabeingthefoundationoftheexecutive,legislative,andjudicialbranchesanditsauthoritystemmingfromtheCanadianpopulace.ThesovereignisQueenElizabethII,whoalsoservesasheadofstateof15otherCommonwealthcountriesandresidespredominantlyintheUnitedKingdom.Assuch,theQueen'srepresentative,theGovernorGeneralofCanada,