Ireland-英语国家社会文化之爱尔兰

TherepublicofIrelandGreen:CatholicIrishmenWhite:ProtestantIrishmenOrange:friendshipbetweenCatholicsandProtestantsNationalEmblemBlue:SeaandSkyAngelHarpNationalFlagPeopleThepopulationispredominantlyofCelticoriginwithFrench,English,andmorerecentlyChineseandIndianminorities.EmigrationisthecharacteristicoftheIrishReligion93%ofthepopulationisRomanCatholic4%isProtestantRomanCatholicProtestantNoReligiousBeliefsEconomyIthasbeenanagriculturalcoutnrysincethe1960s,manufacturinghasoccupiedanincreasinglyimportantposition(EEC/EU)Mixedeconomyofbothpublicandprivateenterprises.1990s,theCeltictigerEducationFreepublicschoolsystemWell-knownuniversitiestheUniversityofDublinNationalUniversityofIrelandLanguagestwodominantofficiallanguagesinIreland,Gaelic(Irish)andEnglishⅠGeographyGeographicalFeatureGeographicalFeatureCanyousummarizethegeographicfeatureaccordingtothemap?LowcentralplainsaresurroundedbyaringofcoastalmountainsThewestcoastofIrelandconsistsmostlyofcliffs,hillsandlowmountainrangesTheLongestRiverinIrelandtheShannonRiver香农河370kilometersTheLargestLough:Corrib(克里布湖)200squarekilometersTheHighestPeak:Carrantuohill(卡朗图厄尔山)1041metersabovesealevel.ClimateTheRepublicofIrelandhasatemperatemaritimeclimatewithexcessiverainfall.ⅡHistoryEarlyIrelandbeforeEnglishsettlementEnglandfirstinvadedIrelandin1171TheActofUnion《联合法案》waspassedin1800Anglo-IrishTreatywassignedin1921TheRepublicofIrelandwasfoundedin19491.EarlyHistory7,000BC,hunter-gathers6thcenturyBC,Celts5thcenturyBC,Erainn4thcenturyBC,Gaels432,St.Patrick9thcenturyVikings17thcentury,Englishcontrol1800,ActofUnion(联合法案)IrishHistory9000yearsagoIrelandwascoveredinice.StoneagepeoplearrivedfromEuropeabout8000BC.Agriculture(farming)beganabout4000BC.TheCeltsTheCelticraceofpeoplearrivedfromEuropetoIrelandbetween800-100BC.IrelandbecameaCelticcountry.ItwasfromthistribalpeoplethatthemodernIrishlanguagecamefromandIrishidentityisfoundedupon.ChristianityChristianitybegantoarriveinIrelandfromabout431ADonwards.TheCeltsadoptedthenewreligion.St.PatrickiscreditedwithbringingthereligiontoIrelandandSt.PatricksdayiscelebratedonMarch17theveryyear.Christianmonasteries.IrelandbegantoattractmanyChristianmonksfromEuropeasaplaceoflearningandalifeofreligion.Itsremotelocationappealedtomanymonkstobuildmanymonasteries.TheruinsofoneoftheoldestandremotestmonasteriesisScelligMhicael,nowatouristattraction.TheruinsofMonasteriesarefoundthroughoutIrelandandarenowverypopulartouristattractions.Vikingraiders.VikingsfromtheScandinaviancountries(Norway,Sweden,Denmark)beganraidingtownsandmonasteriesontheIrishcoastsinthe9thCentury.TheVikingsespeciallyraidedChristianmonasterieswhereprecioustreasuresandgoodscouldbestolen.ThemonksbuilttallroundtowerstohideinwhentheVikingsattacked.LatertheVikingsbegantosettleinIrelandandbuildporttownssuchasDublin.TheNormans12thcenturybuiltcastlesalloverthecountryfoundedmanytowns.TheNormanscameoriginallyfromNormandyinFrance.Overmanyyearsthedivisionbetweenthe3(Celts,NormansandVikings)disappearedandtheybecameasingleIrishrace,speakingtheIrishlanguageandlivingtheIrishwayoflife.ThestartofBritishruleinIreland.In1171KingHenry2ofEnglandcametoIrelandtoclaimsovereigntyoverIreland.HoweverinrealityEnglishcontrolwasonlymaintainedinDublin.ThePlantationsofIreland.15thand16thcenturies:bringIrelandunderthecontrolofLondonLandsweretakenfromtheIrishkingsbyinvadingBritish.LandwasgiventoloyalEnglishsettlers.Themostsuccessfulplantationwasinthenorth.MostpeopleinNorthernIrelandtodayaredescendantsfromtheEnglishsettlers.OliverCromwellOliverCromwellwontheCivilwarinEngland.HewasdeterminedtobringIrelandunderhiscontrol.HeconqueredallofIrelandby1652.TheGreatFamine1845-1850Thestaplediet:potato.ManypeoplediedoremigratedtoAmerica.Sincethe1840semigrationbecameapartofIirshlifeupuntilthelate1990s.EmigrationPeoplelefttofindabetterlifeandgoodjobsinothercountries.ThestrugglewithEnglandandapooreconomywasthecauseofsomanyleaving.ThepopulationofIrelandhasalwaysbeensmallasaresultandtodayisonly6million.QuestionsWhowerethefirstsettlersofIreland?WhendidEnglishbegintosettleinIreland?WhatwasthemajorfoodofIrelandandwhatwastheproblemofit?2.ProcesstowardIndependenceEasterUprisingof1916IrishWarofIndependence(1919-1921)TheAnglo-IrishTreatyof1921IrishCivilWar(1922-1923)The1916RisingThe1916RisingwasthestartoftheWarofIndependenceagainstEngland.IndependencewasdeclaredbyIrishVolunteersattheGeneralPostOffice(GPO).In2006theIrishGovernmentcelebrated90yearssincetheRising.EasterUprisingof1916Theactualrevoltresultedindefeat,however,therebelswereregardedasheroestothecauseofIrishFreedom.TheGeneralPostOfficeinDublinistheheadquartersoftheIrishPostOffice,AnPost,andDublin’sprincipalpostoffice.Dublin’sGPOisindeliblyassociatedwiththe1916RisingandtheeventsthatledtothecreationofanindependentIrishstate.IrishWarofIndependenceAftertheEasterRebellionof1916,SinnFeinwonmajorityseatsallottedtoIrelandintheBritishParliament.In1919,theSinnFeinrefusedtotaketheirseatsintheBritishParliamentandproclaimedanindependentIrishR