论国际合同中当事人意思自治的限度

清华法学TsinghuaLawReviewVol2,No6(2008)许庆坤*当事人意思自治限度的缺席是我国合同冲突法的重大缺陷之一欧美冲突法理论和立法已经逐渐废弃实质性联系标准和善意合法要求,而弱者保护原则和直接适用的法制度也成为针对意思自治的新型限制措施我国正在起草的!涉外民事关系法律适用法∀应根据冲突法和意思自治原则的本质要求以及我国对外交往中的迫切需要,采纳弱者保护原则和直接适用的法制度当事人意思自治弱者保护直接适用的法,,#1∃,,19,#2∃,,:,;,#3∃,%80%*#1∃#2∃#3∃2008&∋(:D08042)(Emory)%(PeterHay),,,,SeeOLando,TheConflictofLawsofContracts:GeneralPrinciples,189RecueildesCours243~244(1984VI).:,!()∀20011许庆坤:论国际合同中当事人意思自治的限度#4∃,#5∃,(((!∀,#6∃!()∀9#7∃,,;;一意思自治的传统限度#8∃(Yntema)2050#9∃,,,#10∃,,,%81%#4∃#5∃#6∃#7∃#8∃#9∃#10∃!∀1451,!∀126,2080,Friedler,PartyAutonomyRevisited,37UKanLRev496,note136,(1988~1989),!∀(76),!∀20031218,2!()∀950!∀,,51,!∀,,200788!∀;,,,20701978,PNygh,AutonomyinInternationalContracts,OxfordUniversityPress,1999,p144,p149,,,,::;;;Yntema,AutonomyinChoiceofLaw,1AmJCompL,353~354(1952)#8∃,PNygh,13()86()138(),,264清华法学2008年第6期,(一)合同或交易与当事人选择的法律之间存在实质性联系20#11∃,(Wolff),,,#12∃(Rabel),(Wright)1939;,,,,,,,#13∃(North),,,()#14∃,,,,,,,,,1994!∀1986!∀1980!∀#15∃#16∃!()∀%82%#11∃#12∃#13∃#14∃#15∃#16∃HBatiffo,lPublicPolicyandtheAutonomyoftheParties:InterrelationsbetweenImperativeLegislationandtheDoctrineofPartyAutonomy,InLecturesontheConflictofLawsandInternationalContracts,UniversityofMichiganLawSchoo,l1951,p70,p78,BatiffolSeeMWolf,fPrivateInternationalLaw,2ndEdition,ClarendonPress,1950,p420.SeeERabe,lTheConflictofLaws:AComparativeStudy,Vol2,2ndediton,1960,pp406~410.PNorth,PrivateInternationalLawProblemsinCommonLawJurisdictions,MartinusNijhoffPublishers,1993,p114.SeeInter-AmericanConventionontheLawApplicabletoInternationalContracts,Article7(MexicoCity1994);ConventionontheLawApplicabletoContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods,Article7(1)(Hague1986);ECConventionontheLawApplicabletoContractualObligations,Article3(1),(Rome1980).SeeWStoffe,lCorporateAutonomyandMarketRegulations,inLawandJusticeinAMultistateWorld:EssaysinHonorofArthurTvonMehren,editedbyJamesA.R.Nafziger&SymmeonSymeonides,TransnationalPublisher,Inc.,2002,p401.SeeEScoles,PHay,PBorchers,SSymeonides,ConflictofLaws,StPau:lThomson/West,4thed.,2004,pp953~954.许庆坤:论国际合同中当事人意思自治的限度#17∃2000!∀,(reasonablerelation)#18∃2001!∀,,#19∃(二)善意和合法(bonafideandlegal)1939,,,,;,#20∃!∀:,;,(),#21∃:;,#22∃,,,,;,,,%83%#17∃#18∃#19∃#20∃#21∃#22∃RestatementofConflictofLaws,2d,)187,,,SeeU.C.C.GeneralProvisions)1-105(2000).U.C.C.GeneralProvisions)1-301(2005),OfficialComment4,,!∀,!()∀,!∀!∀!∀RWeintraub,CommentaryontheConflictofLaws,5thEdition,NewYork:FoundationPress,2006,p487,2008,(VirginIslands))1-301,!∀(ULC,NCCUSL)(ALI)200720085)1-105%:PeterHay,Forum-SelectionandChoice-of-LawClausesinAmericanConflictsLaw,p12%,SeeNorthandFawcett(ed.),CheshireandNorth'sPrivateInternationalLaw,11thedition,Butterworths,1987,p454.SeeDiceyandMorrisontheConflictofLaws,11thedition,bygeneraleditorshipofLawrenceCollins,Vol2,Stevens&SonsLtd.,1987,p1172.#12∃,M.Wolff,419清华法学2008年第6期:#23∃(Holms),,;,,#24∃1991,!()∀1980!∀,,!∀31#25∃二意思自治限度的新发展20,,,,,,#26∃;,20(一)弱者保护原则,#27∃,,(Lando),2030,#28∃(Ehrenzweig)2050,#29∃,,2060,,(Lando)2070:%84%#23∃#24∃#25∃#26∃#27∃#28∃#29∃#13∃,E.Rabel,402Bullenv.Wisconsin,240US630-31(1916).SeeJ.Collier,ConflictofLaws,3rdedition,CambridgeUniversityPress,2001,p193.,,SeeFVischer,GeneralCourseonPrivateInternationalLaw,232RecueildesCours126,1992.SeeOLando,Contracts,InternationalEncyclopediaofComparativeLaw,VolIII(PrivateInternationalLaw),Chap24,(Tupingen/Paris,1976),p48.SeeA.Ehrenzweig,Adhesioncontractintheconflictoflaws,53ColumLRev1084(1953).许庆坤:论国际合同中当事人意思自治的限度,#30∃,,,#31∃,,1978,,#32∃,1980!()∀#33∃:,;#34∃;#35∃;#36∃#37∃,;,;,;#38∃,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,(二)直接适用的法(rulesofimmediateapplication)(mandatoryrules),%85%#30∃#31∃#32∃#33∃#34∃#35∃#36∃#37∃#38∃#28∃,OLando1977!∀27;1976!∀,1986!∀,1980!∀1978!∀4144,1987!∀120121,!∀31173118,1999!∀2122,2000!∀1118,!∀1212!∀561987!∀120,1211978!∀41442000!∀1118SeeSKrebber,ConflictofLawsinEmploymentinEurope,21CompLabL&Pol'yJ,528~529(1999~2000).清华法学2008年第6期#39∃,,#40∃(Savigny)19#41∃(Francescakis),1958,#42∃20,#43∃,,(Visher):#44∃,,(((,(Nygh);,#45∃,,,,(Visher)#46∃,,,,,,,:,,,;#47∃,,%86%#39∃#40∃#41∃#42∃#43∃#44∃#45∃#46∃#47∃SCSymeonides,PrivateInternationalLawattheEndofthe20thCentury:ProgressorRegress?KluwerLawInternationa,l2000,p16,,,,SeeTGued,jTheTheoryoftheLoisdePolice,AFunctionalTrendInContinentalPrivateInternationalLaw(AComparativeAnalysisWithModernAmericanTheories,39AmJCompL697(1991).SeeFSavigny,PrivateInternationalLawandtheRetrospectiveOperationofStatutes,ATreatiseontheConflictofLaws,andtheLimitsofTheirOperationinRespectofPlaceandTime,trans.byW.Guthrie,2ndEdition,London:Stevens&Sons.1880,Reprintedin1972,p77.SeeFJuenger,GeneralCourseonPrivateIntl'Law,193RecueildesCours201(1985IV).!∀1819!∀17!∀10!∀1192!∀1091!∀3076!1994∀11!∀7SeeFVischer,GeneralCourseonPrivateInternationalLaw,232RecueildesCours157(1992-I).#8∃,P.Nygh,211#44∃,FVischer,,,1924!∀,,许庆坤:论国际合同中当事人意思自治的限度;,1980!∀,56,20#48∃三我国立法采纳意思自治限度的必要性和路径选择(一)限制意思自治的必要性,,#49∃,,,,,,,!∀!∀,,,,1924!∀,,#50∃,:,,,,#51∃,,,,#52∃,,,,,,,,%87%#48∃#49∃#50∃#51∃#52∃#40∃,TGuedj#44∃,FVischerSeeDiecy&MorrisontheConflictofLaws,8thEdition,bygeneraleditorshipofMorris,Stevens&SonsLimited,1967,p799.(