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第五讲现在完成时/过去完成时现在完成时定义表示“到现在为止已经发生或完成的动作或状态”结构肯定：主+have/has+V-过去分词否定：主+haven't/hasn't+V-过去分词疑问：Have/Has+主+V-过去分词用法表示动作从_______开始，现在已经________，并对_______造成了影响。(1)已完成过去完成现在时间状语already,yet,before,lately,once,never,just,ever,thisweek“已完成”只能和一些不确定的时间状语连用表示动作从_______开始________到现在，并有可能继续________下去。过去持续持续for+时间段since+时间点+时间段+ago+时间状语从句（一般过去时）(2)未完成动词要延续和一段时间状语连用时间状语（3）havebeen(to)和havegone(to)的区别：★have/hasbeen(to)表示“____________”，说话时此人不在那里，已经回来。即“_________”。★have/hasgone(to)表示某人“_________”，说话时此人可能在路上或已到那里，即__________。★have/hasbeen(in)表示某人“_________”。去过某地有去有回去了某地有去无回呆在某地一般过去时与现在完成时之比较•1）一般过去时表示_______发生的动作，单纯叙述过去的事情，强调______，和现在不发生关系。而现在完成时表示_____发生的某一动作对现在造成的_______，强调的是现在的情况。•2）一般过去时常与______时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与_______时间状语连用，或无时间状语。•3）时间标志词（必记！）过去动作过去影响具体不确定一般过去时：yesterdaylast......ago现在完成：sinceforalreadyyeteverjustbeforein+过去时间点recentlysofarin+过去时间段次数beonleavegobeaway(from)beginbeoffborrowkeepcomebeherejoinbeindiebedeadbuyhavearrivebeheregetmarriedbemarriedfallasleepbeasleep一看时间状语如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能用一般过去时。如：Ihavevisitedthefactory.Ivisitedthefactorylastyear.二看句首有无疑问词句首无疑问词，常用现在完成时；句首有疑问词（询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式）用一般过去时。如：－Haveyouhadyourbreakfast?－Yes,Ihave.－Whendidyouhaveit?－Atseventhirty.三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，最好选用延续性动词，并使用现在完成时；如果是瞬间动词，则用一般过去时。如：Hehasbeenaleaguememberfortwomonths.HejoinedtheYouthLeaguetwomonthsago.注意：这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。如：Howmanywordshaveyoulearnedbyheart?Howdidyoulearnthembyheart?单项选择1.Bothhisparentslooksad.Maybethey____what'shappenedtohim.A.knewB.haveknownC.mustknowD.willknow2.Hehas____beentoShanghai,hashe?A.alreadyB.neverC.everD.still3.HaveyoumetMr.Li_____?A.justB.agoC.beforeD.amomentago4.Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyears.A.iswritingB.waswritingC.wroteD.haswritten5.----Ourcountry____alotsofar.----Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven_____.A.haschanged,wellB.changed,goodC.haschanged,betterD.changed,better6.ZhaoLan___already____inthisschoolfortwoyears.A.was,studyingB.will,studyC.has,studiedD.are,studying7.We____XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.knowB.hadknownC.haveknownD.knew8.HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_____ittwice.A.willseeB.haveseenC.sawD.see9.----ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.----Really?When____there?A.willtheygoB.didtheygoC.dotheygoD.havetheygone10.Myparents____Shangdongfortenyears.A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeen11.____hasMr.WhitebeenamemberofGreenerChinasincehe____toChina?A.Howsoon,comesB.Howoften,gotC.Howlong,cameD.Howfar,arrived12.Hisuncle____formorethan9years.A.hascomehereB.hasstartedtoworkC.haslivedthereD.haslefttheuniversity13.Hurryup!Theplay____fortenminutes.A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.began14.Hisfather____thePartysince1978.A.joinedB.hasjoinedC.wasinD.hasbeenin句型转换1.Theyhavebeentheresince2000.(对划线部分提问)Howlonghavetheybeenthere?2.Thisfactoryopenedtwentyyearsago.(同义句)Thisfactoryhasbeenopenfortwentyyears.3.MissGaoleftanhourago.(同义句)Thebushasbeenheresincetenminutesago.4.Thebushasarrivedhere.Itarrivedtenminutesago.(合并成一句)Thebushasbeenherefortenminutes.MissGaohasbeenawayforanhour.翻译1.他昨天收到一封信。Hereceivedaletteryesterday.2.我父亲以前到过长城。MyfatherhasbeentotheGreatWallbefore.3.他这些天上哪儿去了？IhaveworkedinthiscitysinceIleftschool.4.她还没看过那部新电影。Shehasn'tseenthenewfilmyet.Wherehashebeenthesedays?5.自从我离开学校，我一直在这个城市工作。我在这里已经住了20年了。have/hasbeendoing表示动作从过去开始一直持续到现在，并有可能继续持续下去。过去现在Ihavebeenlivingherefor20years.过去完成时定义表示“过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成的动作”即动作发生在“过去的过去”结构肯定：主+had+V-过去分词否定：主+hadn't+V-过去分词疑问：Had+主+V-过去分词时间状语by+过去时间bytheendof+过去时间when/after/before/until引导的时间状语从句bythetime+从句用法含有when/before/after/until引导的时间状语从句(1)用于两个先后发生的动作ThetrainhadleftbeforeIreachedthestation.如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常都用一般过去时，特别是含有before/after的复合句ThetrainleftbeforeIreachedthestation.(2)用于told,said,knew,heard,thought等后的宾语从句，从句的动作发生在主句之前。Hesaidthathehadmetherbefore.我还了我借的那本书。(3)含有定语从句的句子，如果叙述的是过去，先发生的用过去完成时。IreturnedthebookthatIhadborrowed.过去完成时使用时，必须有或含有一个发生在过去的动作与其比较，即有“先发生”和“后发生”。“先发生”用过去完成时，“后发生”用一般过去时。总结单项选择1.Heaskedme____duringthesummerholidays.A.whereIhadbeenB.whereIhadgoneC.wherehadIbeenD.wherehadIgone2.What___Jane____bythetimeshewasseven.A.did,doB.has,doneC.did,didD.had,done3.I____900EnglishwordsbythetimeIwasten.A.learnedB.waslearningC.hadlearnedD.learned4.Bythetimemyparentsreachedhomeyesterday,I____thedinneralready.A.hadcookedB.cookedC.havecookedD.wascooking5.Shesaidshe____theprinciplealready.A.hasseenB.sawC.willseeD.hadseen6.Shehadwrittenanumberofbooks____theendoflastyear.A.forB.inC.byD.at7.He___inthefactoryforthreeyearsbeforehejoinedtheArmy.A.hasworkedB.worksC.hadworkedD.willwork8.Thestudents____theirclassroomwhenthevisitorsarrived.A.havecleanedB.hadcleanedC.wascleanedD.havebeencleaned9.Theman____hiscoatandwentout.A.putonB.hadputonC.willputonD.wasputtingon10.Mymother____inthatfactoryattheageof18.A.hadworkedB.hasworkedC.workedD.works翻译1.她说她之前从未去过长城。ShesaidshehadneverbeentotheGreatWall.2.我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始10分钟了。Whenwegottothecinema,thefilmhadbeenonfor10minutes.3.我见到Tom时，他已经听说了那个消息。4.她找到了她丢的那把钥匙。Shefoundthekeyshehadlost.TomhadknownthenewswhenIsawhim.