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12100032III13451.3ExternalitiesIncompletemarkets4LaffontandTirole(2000)5PPIAFZhang,Z.X.etal(2002)22.2.1.1907ATTVail“”Vail6202019342080(OECD)“”“”71998ITU6AT&T7100%,(Naturalrate)31232.2.“”ITU“”ITU“”“”OECD1995114X500X20XITU199883.3.1.2091959D·:1985“”1962F·“”1977U·“”1964“”1967“”“”“”1986128919965“”3.2.10“()”“”10198963.3.1NII2344.4.1.19961996254“”FCC7199919991994199654.2.“”5.5.1.85.2.ICPASP5.3.11“”5.4.“”121.“”1.1.2003129.3873%40%1020111292003200412“”1.2.“”“”“”“”“”“”199020034.3%80182%7.7%8069%20032622847231%3.2:119902.2:145%51119903:120033.6:170%35%GDP90GDP100%50%GDP199028%20031018%1.3.19902003,GDPGDP51.5%58.5%728.3%24.6%3.720.2%16.9%3.32003GDP16306777562172.6:1.3:13617238218791.9:1.3:119901.61.212.2.1.209020035.3342“”40%90197873.41/199011.7/19902000306.4/200311.9/1190“”199653.5%200082.9%“”95%200389.2%10.8%707.482.2.200332.7/36.4%1/3200423.75.8/90.129.9/1/520%70%3.5:120038389.791.5%10.9/73.3%23.9%200349.123.751.5%26.3%2.3.901995324.331.9%200095.4%20011671.85.2%88.8%2002100040%20031237.4%()200022.5%200121%200219%200389.2%3.92.29%90“”1996199924.41999200311.390“”2.4.200225.3/13.9/11.5/2.21.211.91.4120015.95%16%4.82%13%132000“”“”“”20031.03%7.44%25.31%5.22200240.1%59.6%33.5%20.9%132003%%21248021981.032.94276307205477.4427.472057285206525.3169.66945157481010.81002004200422.5.2001-2010592“”24325.5%2278717.7%2009321.5%200215256.7%1013100%,141236%25.643%39%16.340%23%8833.9%24%21%200228203%58256.2%77.6%84.4%97.3%20029.815.743.523%36%1.62.814.811%19%531813.12773.919%29%2.6.200037.12318.820.22000225020035910%%%12.436.96.633.49.09.27.18.39.714.19.513.90.30.070.30.25150.50.250.30.080.030.120.10.12“”“”200320036060.3%90%56.8%50.6%2CNGTLD2.7.“”“”“”16“”“”“”“”“”“”3.1415GDP20032.38%1415117200220024.67%7.47%,1.318NetworkExternality16Riordan,2001(Noam1998)n1n2n216Katz,M.,andC.Shapiro(1985)19n3n2n4n34n4n1n2n3c,p,ucuS20174cn1n1n2n2Smax=(c-p)n2Smin=(c-p)(n2-n1)181718OFTEL0.16535Bomseletal.(2003)cpcp5n1n221(Taylor,1994)1919Estacheetal(2004)2220212.2.1.20,21Armstrong(2002)23Posner19711224RawlsRawls2.2.LaffontandTirole,2000Ballard,C.etal.19850.31.5-2.0Zhang19952555GarbaczandThompson20032004Logit1296SLS())(λSSλλˆ()264198019902000-0.032-0.028-0.011-0.012-0.006-0.002-0.059-0.020-0.0040.0690.0580.029GarbaczandThompson(2003)5GDP0.4930.2870.2030.2680.7030.905-0.127-0.067-0.056-0.037-0.136-0.164-0.051-0.017-0.055-0.061-0.328-0.346-0.037-0.014-0.040-0.052-0.011-0.010-0.010-0.010-0.035-0.040GarbaczandThompson(2004)Estacheetal20042.3.27Lucien(1967)·2223624KQQKK1Q1KsBK1KsKK2K1KsKsKKK32223Estacheetal(2004)24TheWorldBank(undated),GovernmentRedistributionPrograms2825262772526BK27ABCQ1Q2Q3QKK2KsK3K17D29281.1.1.28λ18301.2.“”2.312.1.12/2.2.12323.“”“”USF332004116“”20049“”8“”4.344.1.4.2.35294.3.20002000Estacheetal200429361.“”200420082005“”95%99.5%97%88%300200898%100%99%94.4%20057“”2.“”“”“”“”375%2%“”3.4.5.3030SCDMA12001.3SCDMA386.7.800“”391·,1989·2003“”199610Estache,A.,J.-J.Laffont,andX.Z.Zhang(2004),UniversalServiceObligationsinDevelopingCountries,PolicyResearchWorkingPaperSeries3421,TheWorldBankArmstrongM.(2002),TheTheoryofAccessPricingandInterconnection,inHandbookofTelecommunicationsEconomics,ed.byCave,M.,etalAtkinson,A.B.,andJ.Stiglitz(1976),TheDesignofTaxStructure:DirectandIndirectTaxation,JournalofPublicEconomics6:55-75Ballard,C.,J.Shoven,andJ.Whalley(1985),GeneralEquilibriumComputationoftheMarginalWelfareLossesofTaxesintheUnitedStates,AmericanEconomicReview7512838Laffont,J.-J.,andJ.Tirole(2000),CompetitioninTelecommunications,MITPressKatz,M.,andC.Shapiro(1985),NetworkExternality,Competition,andCompatibility”,AmericanEconomicReview75424-440Foldes,L.(1967),IncomeRedistributioninMoneyandinKind,Economica,NewSeries,Vol.34,No,133(Feb.,1967),30-41Garbacz,C.,andH.Thompson(2003),EstimatingTelephoneDemandWithStateDecennialCensusDatafrom1970-1990:Updatewith2000Data,WorkingPaper.Garbacz,C.,andH.Thompson(2004),UniversalTelecommunicationsService:AWorldPerspective,WorkingPaper.Riordan,M.(2001),UniversalResidentialTelephoneService,HandbookofTelecommunicationsEconomics.Amsterdam:ElsevierScienceMoam,E.(undated),BeyondLiberalizationIII:ReformingUniversalService,Memio(1995),UniversalServiceObligationsinaCompetitiveTelecommunications40Environment,ParisBomsel,O.etal(2003),HowMobileTerminationChargesShapetheDynamicsoftheTelecomSector,TheUniversityofWarwick,July2003Posner,R.(1971),TaxationbyRegulation,BellJournalofEconomicandManagement,Science122-50Taylor,LD.(1994),TelecommunicationsDemandinTheoryandPractice,KluwerAcademicPublishersZhang,X.Z.(1995)AnEstimateofChina'sCostofPublicFundIQTEWorkingPaper4123132100732xzzhang@public.bta.net.cn42JEL:L43D82O12UniversalServiceObligationsinDevelopingCountriesJean-JacquesLaffont33andXinzhuZhang34AbstractWedevelopamodelinwhichthegovernmenthasasymmetricinformationaboutamonopolisticfirm'smarginalcostofprovidingservicesintheruralarea.Weconsiderbothdiscriminatorypricinganduniformpricing.Withdiscriminatorypricing,asymmetricinformationleadstoahigherpriceandasmallernetworkfortherurala