学术英语-综合-第二单元

CollegeEnglish学术英语AcademicEnglishCollegeEnglishUnit2BusinessEthicsTextAStrikingtheRightBalanceCollegeEnglishFreeenterpriseFreeenterprisereferstothesystemofbusinessinwhichindividualsarefreetodecidewhattoproduce,howtoproduceit,andatwhatpricetosellit.自由企业制度，就是确保企业能够拥有在产权受法律保护的基础上所享有的自由创业权、自由经营权、自由交易权以及自由支配或处置财产权等一系列的制度安排。它包括产权制度、进入退出制度、公平竞争制度、平等合约制度、平等交易制度以及平等获取信息服务制度等。Unit2BusinessEthicsTextABackgroundinformationCollegeEnglishDoyouagreeornot?Profitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusiness----AdamSmithCollegeEnglish2016年3·15晚会：共筑消费新生态【曝光】“饿了么”惊现黑心作坊看完你还会饿么？【曝光】制造用废钢料这样的假牙你敢戴吗？【权威发布】跨境电商进口儿童用品超三成不合格【消费预警】你买的人参可能一半是白糖！BalanceprofitandbusinessethicsCollegeEnglish6BusinessEthicsBusinessethicsmeanswrittenandunwrittencodesofmoralstandardsthatarecriticaltothecurrentactivitiesandfutureaspirationsofabusinessorganization.Theycandifferfromonecompanytoanotherbecauseofdifferencesinculturalperspectives,operationalstructuresandstrategicorientations.Theguidingframeworkofbusinessethicsexistsalllevelsoftheorganization.Itisabouthavingthewisdomtodeterminethedifferencebetweenrightactionsandwrongdecisions.Insimplerterms,businessethicsprovidesthemoralitystandardsandbehavioralpatternsexpectedofindividualsandthebusinessasawhole.Thesemoralstandardscanbeperceivedintermsofthemicroenvironmentandmacroenvironmentofthebusiness.CollegeEnglishStakeholderVSShareholderTherearetwoschoolsofthoughtregardinghowcompaniesshouldapproachadefinitionforbusinessethics:theshareholderperspectiveandthestakeholderperspective.CollegeEnglishStakeholderVSShareholderShareholderPerspectiveThosewhoapproachethicaldecisionmakingfromashareholderperspectivefocusonmakingdecisionsthatareintheowners'bestinterest.Decisionsareguidedbyaneedtomaximizereturnoninvestmentfortheorganization'sshareholders.Individualswhoapproachethicsfromthisperspectivefeelthatethicalbusinesspracticesareonesthatmakethemostmoney.CollegeEnglishStakeholderVSShareholderStakeholderPerspectiveThephrasecorporatesocialresponsibilityisoftenusedindiscussionsofbusinessethics.Theideabehindthisconceptisthebeliefthatcompaniesshouldconsidertheneedsandinterestsofmultiplestakeholdergroups,notjustthosewithadirectfinancialstakeintheorganization'sprofitsandlosses.Organizationsthatapproachbusinessethicsfromastakeholderperspectiveconsiderhowdecisionsimpactthoseinsideandoutsidetheorganization.Stakeholdersmayinclude:employees,suppliers,customers,competitors,governmentagencies,thenewsmedia,communityresidentsandothers.Theideabehindstakeholderbasedethicaldecisionmakingistomakesoundbusinessdecisionsthatworkforthegoodofallaffectedparties.CollegeEnglishImportanceofEthicalBusinessDecisionsCompaniesandpeoplewhobehaveinasociallyresponsiblemanneraremuchmorelikelytoenjoyultimatesuccessthanthosewhoseactionsaremotivatedsolelybyprofits.Knowingthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandchoosingwhatisrightisthefoundationforethicaldecisionmaking.Inmanycases,doingtherightthingoftenleadstothegreatestfinancial,social,andpersonalrewardsinthelongrun.CollegeEnglish11CorporateSocialResponsibilityDefinitionsCorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)isabouthowcompaniesmanagethebusinessprocessestoproduceanoverallpositiveimpactonsocietyCorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)referstoabusinesspracticethatinvolvesparticipatinginactivitiesthatbenefitsociety.CollegeEnglish12PyramidofSocialResponsibility(Carroll1991)CollegeEnglishTextAStrikingtheRightBalancePara1In1776,AdamSmithdescribedhowan“invisiblehand”guidescompaniesastheystriveforprofits,andthathandleadsthemtodecisionsthatbenefitsociety.Smith’sinsightsledhimtoconcludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety.CollegeEnglishTextAStrikingtheRightBalanceButtheworldhaschangedsince1776.Firmstodayaremuchlarger,theyoperatedglobally,theyhavethousandsofemployees,andtheyareownedbymillionsofstockholders.Thismakeuswonderifthe“invisiblehand”stillprovidesreliableguidance.Shouldcompaniesstilltrytomaximizeprofits,orshouldtheytakebroaderviewandtakemorebalancedactionsdesignedtobenefitcustomers,employees,suppliers,andsocietyasawhole?CollegeEnglishPara2MostacademicstodaysubscribetothefollowingmodifiedversionofAdamSmith’stheory:Afirm’sprincipalgoalshouldbetomaximizethewealthofitsstockholders,whichmeansmaximizingthevalueofitsstocks.CollegeEnglishPara2Freeenterpriseisstillthebesteconomicsystemforthecountryasawhole.Underthefreeenterpriseframework,companiesdevelopproductsandservicesthatpeoplewantandthatbenefitsociety.However,someconstraintsareneeded---firmsshouldnotbeallowedtopollutetheairandwater,toengageinunfairemploymentpractices,ortocreatemonopoliesthatexploitconsumers.CollegeEnglishPara3Theseconstraintstakeanumberofdifferentforms.Throughthepoliticalprocess,societyimposesawiderangeofregulationsthataredesignedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety.Anothersetofconstraintsarethecoststhatareassessedoncompaniesiftheytakeactionsthatharmsociety.Properlyimposed,thesecostsfairlytransfervaluetosufferingpartiesandhelpcreateincentivesthathelppreventsimilareventsfro