Chapter-11-Peaceful-settlement-of-disputes

Chapter11.Peacefulsettlementofdisputes11.1Introduction11.1.1ObligationonStatestoachievesettlementofdisputes,p.229:Art.2(3)ofUNCharter:“Allmembersshallsettletheirinternationaldisputesbypeacefulmeansinsuchamannerthatinternationalpeaceandsecurity,andjustice,arenotendangered.”Chapter6ofUNCharter-pacificsettlementofdisputes,seeArt.33(1):“theparties…shall,firstofall,seekasolutionbynegotiation,inquiry,mediation,conciliation,arbitration,judicialsettlement,resorttoregionalagenciesorarrangementsorotherpeacefulmeansoftheirchoice.”11.1.2Formsofdiplomaticsettlement:(1)negotiation谈判(2)goodoffices斡旋(3)mediation调解(4)conciliation调停(5)inquiry调查11.3Whatconstitutesaninternationaldispute?SeeadvisoryopinionintheInterpretationofPeaceTreatiescase(ICJ1950),p.230:-“Therehasthusarisenasituationinwhichtwosidesholdclearlyoppositeviewsconcerningthequestionoftheperformanceornon-performanceoftreatyobligations.”-Amatterforobjectivedetermination.“ThePCIJstatedthatadisputecouldberegardedasadisagreementoverapointoflaworfact,aconflictoflegalviewsorofinterestsbetweentwopersons.”11.2Formsofdiplomaticsettlement,pp.230-231(1)negotiation-Nothirdpartyinvolvement,usuallythroughnormaldiplomaticchannels(foreignministers,ambassadors,etc.)-MixedCommissions,e.g.,Canadian-USJointCommission.-Function:totryandpreventdisputesarisinginthefirstplace.(2)goodoffices:involvementofathirdpartywiththeconsentoftheStates.Thatpersonmustbeneutralpartywhoistrustedbybothsides,e.g.UNSecretaryGeneral.(3)mediation-Thirdpartyplaysmoreactiverole,byofferingadviceandproposalsforthesolution.(4)conciliation-Thirdpartyplaysmoredetachedrole,conciliatorinvestigatesandpresentsformalproposals.-Theformofconciliationcommission.(5)inquiry:usefulwherethedisputeisconcernedwithissuesoffact.11.3Arbitration,pp.232-2341.DefinitionofArbitration,ILC:“aprocedureforthesettlementofdisputesbetweenStatesbyabindingawardonthebasisoflawandasaresultofanunderstandingvoluntarilyaccepted.”2.Modernhistoryofarbitration:-JayTreaty1794;-TheTreatyofGhent1814;-ThesuccessfulAlabamaClaimsarbitration1872.3.ThePermanentCourtofArbitration(PCA):-TheprocedureofPCA;-TheCompromis?4.Otherarbitrationchambers:ICSID,Iran-USClaimsTribunal…11.4Judicialsettlement11.4.1Thejudicialbodiesandtheworldcourts:PCIJandICJ,ITLOS,TheSeaBedDisputesChamber…11.4.2CompositionoftheCourt,pp.234-236（1）TheCompositionAfrica3Asia3LatinAmerica2EasternEurope2WEurope&others5（2）Nationalityproblem11.4.3Jurisdictionincontentiouscases,pp.236-238:(1)Theparties:-States;-Non-UNMembers:e.g.,Switzerland,SanMarino-Non-partiestotheICJStatute,iftheylodgeadeclarationwiththeCourtacceptingtheobligationoftheStatuteandArt.94oftheUNCharter.(2)TheconsentforthepartiestoconferjurisdictionupontheICJcouldbegivenbythreeways,-undertheprovisionsofatreaty协议管辖-byacceptanceofthecourt’scompulsoryjurisdictionunderArt.36(2)oftheStatutes“任意强制管辖”-byacceptanceofjurisdictionbyherespondentthroughitsconsentfollowingtheunilateralinitiationofpr0ceedingsbytheapplicant.自愿管辖(3)Optionalcompulsoryjurisdiction,Art.36(2)ofICJStatute,p.237:Art.36(2):“TheStatepartiestothepresentstatutemayatanytimedeclarethattheyrecognizeascompulsoryipsofactoandwithoutspecialagreement,inrelationtoanyotherStateacceptingthesameobligation,thejurisdictionofthecourtinalllegaldisputesconcerning:①Theinterpretationofatreaty;②Anyquestionofinternationallaw;③Theexistenceofanyfactwhich,ifestablished,wouldconstituteabreachofaninternationalobligation;④Thenatureorextentofreparationtobemadeforthebreachofaninternationalobligation.”11.5Advisoryopinions,pp.240-24111.5.1theparties:Art.65(1)“attherequestofanybodyauthorisedby,orinaccordancewith,theUNCharter”-UNAssembly-SecurityCouncil-specialisedagenciesoftheUN11.5.2Legaleffect:notbindinginlaw