Hypersensitivity&Autoimmunity超敏反应Hypersensitivity在某些抗原刺激下,机体免疫系统过度应答造成生理功能紊乱或组织细胞损伤超敏反应分型GellandCoombsClassificationⅠ型:速发型超敏反应Ⅱ型:细胞毒性型超敏反应Ⅲ型:免疫复合物型超敏反应Ⅳ型:迟发型超敏反应Ⅰ型超敏反应速发型超敏反应(Immediatehypersensitivity)过敏反应(Allergy)IgE介导的超敏反应(IgE-mediatedhypersensitivity)相关的临床疾病全身性的:过敏性休克(anaphylacticshock)局部性的:食物过敏(foodallergy)过敏性哮喘/鼻炎(allergicasthma/rhinitis)特应性皮炎(atopicdermatitis)主要特征1、快!2、以生理功能紊乱为主,少见严重组织细胞损伤3、明显个体差异和遗传倾向发生过程变应原(Allergen)指能够选择性诱导机体产生特异性IgE抗体的免疫应答,引起速发型变态反应的抗原物质。通常是存在外界环境中无害的物质药物、化学物质吸入性食物某些酶类常见的变应原变应原的两个重要特征特应性个体长期,低剂量暴露于变应原不引起强的固有免疫应答IgE抗体引起Ⅰ型超敏反应的主要因素特应性个体IgE水平显著增高Th2依赖性:IL-4在诱导B细胞产生IgE过程中至关重要亲细胞抗体:鼻咽、扁桃体、气管和胃肠道粘膜下固有层Allergen卫生假说Microbe抗原特异性IgEIL-12Th2Th1IgE受体1、FcRI:高亲和力性受体2、FcRII(CD23):低亲和力性受体效应细胞肥大细胞MastCell嗜碱性粒细胞Basophil嗜酸性粒细胞EosinophilCharacteristicMastcellsBasophilsEosinophilsMajorsiteofmaturationConnectivetissueBonemarrowBonemarrowMajorcellsincirculationNoYes(0.5%ofbloodleukocytes)Yes(∼2%ofbloodleukocytes)MaturecellsrecruitedintotissuesfromcirculationNoYesYesMaturecellsresidinginconnectivetissueYesNoYesProliferativeabilityofmaturecellsYesNoNoLifespanWeekstomonthsDaysDaystoweeksMajordevelopmentfactor(cytokine)Stemcellfactor,IL-3IL-3IL-5ExpressionofFcεRIHighlevelsHighlevelsLowlevels(functionunclear)MajorgranulecontentsHistamine,heparinand/orchondroitinsulfate,proteasesHistamine,chondroitinsulfate,proteaseMajorbasicprotein,eosinophilcationicprotein,peroxidases,hydrolases,lysophospholipase主要生物活性介质1、预先形成储备的介质组胺(Histamine)激肽原酶2、新合成的介质白三烯(LTs)前列腺素D2(PGD2)血小板激活因子(PAF)多种细胞因子:IL-4、IL-13、TNF等CelltypeMediatorcategoryMediatorFunction/pathologiceffectsMastcellsStoredpreformedincytoplasmicgranulesHistamineIncreasesvascularpermeability;stimulatessmoothmusclecellcontractionEnzymes:neutralproteases(tryptaseand/orchymase),acidhydrolases,cathepsinG,carboxypeptidaseDegrademicrobialstructures;tissuedamage/remodelingMajorlipidmediatorsproducedonactivationProstaglandinD2Vasodilation,bronchoconstriction,neutrophilchemotaxisLeukotrienesC4,D4,E4Prolongedbronchoconstriction,mucussecretion,increasedvascularpermeabilityPlatelet-activatingfactorChemotaxisandactivationofleukocytes,bronchoconstriction,increasedvascularpermeabilityCytokinesproducedonactivationIL-3MastcellproliferationTNF,MIP-1αInflammation/latephasereactionIL-4,IL-13IgEproduction,mucussecretionIL-5Promoteeosinophilproductionandactivation组胺受体:4种,分布于不同组织细胞生物学效应:1、血管扩张和通透性增强2、平滑肌收缩3、外分泌腺细胞分泌增加组成:LTC4、LTD4和LTE4的混合物。生物学效应:1、强支气管平滑肌收缩作用(比组胺强100~1000倍),且效应持久2、血管扩张、通透性增加及促进腺体分泌。白三烯过敏反应阶段早期反应(Immediatereaction):血管和平滑肌反应依赖于IgE和肥大细胞晚期反应(late-phasereaction):白细胞浸润和炎症主要效应细胞:嗜酸性粒细胞和TH2细胞CelltypeMediatorcategoryMediatorFunction/pathologiceffectsEosinophilsStoredperformedincytoplasmicgranulesMajorbasicprotein,eosinophilcationicproteinToxictohelminths,bacteria,hostcellsEosinophilperoxidase,lysosomalhydrolases,lysophospholipaseDegradeshelminthicandprotozoancellwalls;tissuedamage/remodelingMajorlipidmediatorsproducedonactivationLeukotrienesC4,D4,E4Prolongedbronchoconstriction;mucussecretion,increasedvascularpermeabilityCytokinesproducedonactivationIL-3,IL-5,GM-CSFEosinophilproductionandactivationIL-8,IL-10,RANTES,MIP-1α,eotaxinChemotaxisofleukocytes•IL-13:mucussecretion•IL-5:Promoteeosinophilproduction,activationandrecruitmentTh2cytokinesandeosinophils药物过敏性休克过敏性哮喘重者可发生过敏性休克CANBEDEADLY!食物过敏皮肤胃肠道呼吸道Peanutallergycanbedeadly皮肤过敏症荨麻疹特应性皮炎AtopicMarchInflammatoryandimmunecellsinvolvedinasthmaLiu,Y.J.Thymicstromallymphopoietin:masterswitchforallergicinflammation.J.Exp.Med.203,269–273(2006).Wang,Y.H.etal.IL-25augmentstype2immuneresponsesbyenhancingtheexpansionandfunctionsofTSLP-DC-activatedTh2memorycells.J.Exp.Med.204,1837–1847(2007Sokol,C.etal.Amechanismfortheinitiationofallergen-inducedThelpertype2responses.NatureImmunol.9,310–318(2008).Sokol,C.L.etal.Basophilsfunctionasantigen-presentingcellsforanallergen-inducedThelpertype2response.NatureImmunol.10,713–720(2009).Yoshimoto,T.etal.BasophilscontributetoTH2-IgEresponsesinvivoviaIL-4productionandpresentationofpeptide–MHCclassIIcomplexestoCD4+Tcells.NatureImmunol.10,706–712(2009).Kouzaki,Hetal.Proteasesinduceproductionofthymicstromallymphopoietinbyairwayepithelialcellsthroughprotease-activatedreceptor-2.J.Immunol.183,1427–1434(2009).SelectedreadingsⅡ型超敏反应细胞毒性(Cytotoxic)或细胞溶解型(Cytolytic)相关的临床疾病输血反应新生儿溶血症自身免疫性溶血性贫血药物过敏性血细胞减少症肺出血-肾炎综合征甲状腺功能亢进基本特点1、抗体介导,补体参与:IgG或IgM类抗体2、细胞性抗原:靶细胞表面3、效应细胞:巨噬细胞,中性粒细胞和NK细胞4、病理性免疫反应以细胞溶解或组织损伤为主要特征疾病参与的细胞表面抗原输血反应供者A型血红细胞新生儿溶血症新生儿Rh+红细胞自身免疫性溶血性贫血药物或病毒改变的红细胞表面抗原风湿热链球菌胞壁成分与心脏瓣膜、关节组织之间的共同抗原药物过敏性血细胞减少症结合在血细胞表面的药物抗原表位细胞杀伤机制1、激活补体的经典途径2、促进吞噬细胞的吞噬功能(调理作用)3、ADCC作用(antibody-dependentcell-mediatedcytotoxicity)相关的临床疾病全身性:1)血清病(Serumsickness)2)链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎3)类风湿性关节炎(RheumatoidArthritis,RA)4)系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)局部性:1)Arthus反应Ⅲ型超敏反应免疫复合物型(immunecomplex)或血管炎型血液循环中的可溶性抗原与相应的抗体(IgG、IgM)形成循环免疫复合物循环免疫复合物在一定条件下沉积于局部或全身多处毛细血管基底膜沉积免疫复合物激活补体与白细胞炎症性损伤以充血水肿,局部坏死和中性粒细胞浸润为主要特征基本特点1、补体的作用2、中性粒细胞的作用3、血小板的作用组织损伤机制Ⅳ型超敏反应相关的临床疾病1、感染性迟发型超敏反应:结核杆菌感染2、接触性迟发型超敏反应:接触性皮炎(ContactDermatitis)3、器官性自身免疫病:多发性硬化迟发性超敏反应(DelayedTypeHy