搜索
2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases大31家thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant大32家oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea大33家billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses大34家andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof大35家thatcanbegiventoacase大36家atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe大37家withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot大38家sufficientcontrol.大39家ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda大40家ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe大41家ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges大42家toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which大43家theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally大44家inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas大45家toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands大46家ourBritishjudges,”hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean大47家afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere大48家tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised大49家witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto大50家guiltyverdicts.31.[A]asto[B]forinstance[C]inparticular[D]suchas32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing[D]fastening33.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary[D]draft34.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable[D]improper35.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity36.[A]since[B]if[C]before[D]as37.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied[D]agreed38.[A]present[B]offer[C]manifest[D]indicate39.[A]Release[B]Publication[C]Printing[D]Exposure40.[A]storm[B]rage[C]flare[D]flash41.[A]translation[B]interpretation[C]exhibition[D]demonstration42.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan[D]soonerthan43.[A]changes[B]makes[C]sets[D]turns44.[A]binding[B]convincing[C]restraining[D]sustaining45.[A]authorized[B]credited[C]entitled[D]qualified46.[A]with[B]to[C]from[D]by47.[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference[D]issue48.[A]stated[B]remarked[C]said[D]told49.[A]what[B]when[C]which[D]that50.[A]assure[B]confide[C]ensure[D]guaranteeSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustberecko