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GoalSetting•Goalsettingtheoryandpractice•Managingtime•FrommaterialtohappinessperceptionOverviewGoalsandPerformance•Focus“Beingfocusedonataskproducesorganizationforefficiencybothwithintheorganismandintheenvironment”AbrahamMaslow•Resilience•Beliefsasself-fulfillingprophecies(knapsack)•Wordscreateworlds•ConceptsconceiveConcerningallactsofcreationthereisoneelementarytruth,theignoranceofwhichkillscountlessideasandsplendidplans:Thatthemomentonedefinitelycommitsoneself,thenprovidencemovestoo.Allsortsofthingsoccurtohelponethatwouldnothaveotherwiseoccurred.Awholestreamofeventsissuesfromthedecision,raisinginone’sfavorallmannerofunforeseenincidentsandmeetingsandmaterialassistancewhichnomanwouldhavedreamedwouldcomehisway.IhavelearnedadeeprespectforoneofGoethe’scouplets:“Whateveryoucando,ordreamyoucan,beginit!Boldnesshasgenius,magic,andpowerinit.W.H.MurrayGoalsandWellbeing•Liberating•Futuregoalsasmeans;presentexperiencesasends•ThecaseofunhappyachieversHappinessisnotaboutmakingittothepeakofthemountain,norisitaboutclimbingaimlesslyaroundthemountain;happinessistheexperienceofclimbingtowardthepeak.“Contemporaryresearchersemphasizethatitistheprocessofstrivingaftergoals—ratherthangoalattainmentperse—thatiscrucialforhappinessandpositiveaffectivity.”DavidWatson“Happinessgrowslessfromthepassiveexperienceofdesirablecircumstancesthanfrominvolvementinvaluedactivitiesandprogresstowardone’sgoals.”Myers&DienerLivenotforbattleswon.Livenotforthe-end-of-the-song.Liveforthealong.GwendolynBrooksSelf-ConcordantGoals•Alignedwithpersonalinterestsandvalues•Freelychosengoals•‘Wantto’vs.‘Haveto’•“Whatdoyoureally,reallywanttodo?”LifeistooshorttodowhatIhavetodo;it’sbarelylongenoughtodowhatIwanttodo.“[Becomingselfconcordant]isadifficultskill,requiringbothaccurateself-perceptualabilitiesandtheabilitytoresistsocialpressuresthatmaysometimespushoneininappropriatedirections.”Sheldon&Houser-Marco(2001)TheBenefitsofSelf-Concordance•Increaseinwellbeing“Havingastrongsenseofcontrollingone’slifeisamoredependablepredictorofpositivefeelingsofwell-beingthananyoftheobjectiveconditionsoflifewehaveconsidered.”AngusCampbellTheBenefitsofSelf-Concordance•Increaseinwellbeing•Increasedlikelihoodofsuccess•Enteringapositiveupwardspiral•Trickleeffect“Individualspursuingself-concordantgoalswereultimatelyabletoexceedthelevelofacademicachievementpredictedbytheirACTscores,eventhoughmostgoalswerenotdirectlyclass-orgrade-related.Thisfindingsuggeststhatthosepeoplewhocanidentifysetsofgoalsthatwellrepresenttheirimplicitinterestsandvaluesareindeedabletofunctionmoreefficiently,flexibly,andintegrativelyacrossallareasoftheirlives.”Sheldon&Eliot(1999)TheBenefitsofSelf-Concordance•Increaseinwellbeing•Increasedlikelihoodofsuccess•Enteringapositiveupwardspiral•Trickleeffect•Health(Langer,1989)•Freedomvs.oppressionWorkOrientationMotivationWorkas…ExpectationLookingforwardtoJOBCAREERCALLINGWorkOrientationMotivationWorkas…ExpectationLookingforwardtoJOBPaycheckChore/necessityNoneFriday/vacationCAREERCALLINGWorkOrientationMotivationWorkas…ExpectationLookingforwardtoJOBPaycheckChore/necessityNoneFriday/vacationCAREERMoneyandadvancementRacePrestigeandpowerNextpromotionCALLINGWorkOrientationMotivationWorkas…ExpectationLookingforwardtoJOBPaycheckChore/necessityNoneFriday/vacationCAREERMoneyandadvancementRacePrestigeandpowerNextpromotionCALLINGThinginitself/self-concordantgoalsMission/vocation/passion/privilegeBetterworld/fulfillmentMorework“Themostbeautifulfate,themostwonderfulgoodfortunethatcanhappentoanyhumanbeing,istobepaidfordoingthatwhichhepassionatelylovestodo.”AbrahamMaslowTheThreeQuestionProcess(TQP)•Whatismeaningfultome?Whatisimportanttome?•Whatispleasurabletome?WhatdoIenjoydoing?•Whataremystrengths?WhatamIgoodat?STRENGTHSProblemsolvingChildrenPLEASUREMEANINGFacilityforlanguageEnthusiasmSailingCookingReadingPoliticalactivismMusicFlow(MihalyCsikszentmihalyi)•Highperformanceandhighsatisfaction•Motivation•Creativity•Self-esteem•Happiness“Adynamicstatethatcharacterizesconsciousnesswhenexperienceisattendedtoforitsownsake.”TaskDifficultySkillLevelFlowAnxietyFrustrationBoredomOptimalLevelsofChallengeTooEasy?•Theneedforchallenge(Bextonetal.,1954)•Stretchgoals(Locke,2002)“Thebestmomentsusuallyoccurwhenaperson’sbodyormindisstretchedtoitslimitsinavoluntaryefforttoaccomplishsomethingdifficultandworthwhile”MihalyCsikszentmihalyi•Big,hairy,audaciousgoals(Collins&Porras,1994)TheUnderprivilegeofPrivilege“Itisdoubtfulwhetheranyheaviercursecouldbeimposedonmanthanthecompletegratificationofallhiswisheswithouteffortonhispart,leavingnothingforhishopes,desiresorstruggles.”SamuelSmilesTheUnderprivilegeofPrivilege•Pressuretobehappy•“WhatrightdoIhavetobeunhappy?”•Feelingofinadequacyandguiltontopofpain•Emotionsasthegreatequalizer•PermissiontobehumanTooDifficult?•DivideandConquer(shorttermgoals)•Breakingdownachievement(Langer,1989)PatRiley“Peoplecanimaginethemselvestakingsteps,whilegreatheightsseementirelyforbidden.”EllenLangerClearSenseofDirection•Immediatefeedback•Writtenplan(Claypool&Cangemi,1983)•Specificgoals(Ajz