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外研版高二年级(选修6)Module5GrammarSubjunctive虚拟语气的概念语气：语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的意图或态度。英语中有陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气三种语气。虚拟语气是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中)；二是表示说话人的主观愿望、要求、命令、建议等(在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中)。一．虚拟语气在条件句中的运用情况从句中谓语的构成主句中谓语的构成与现在情况相反动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）Would/should/could/might+动词原形与过去情况相反had+过去分词Would/should/could/might+have+过去分词与将来情况相反动词的过去式should+动词原形wereto+动词原形Would/should/could/might+动词原形1.与现在事实相反：表示与现在事实相反的条件和结果。1).IfIwonthelottery,Iwouldbuyanexpensivecar.2).IfIhadalotofmoneynow,Iwouldtravelaroundtheworld.3).Ifitwerefinenow,Iwouldgoshopping.4).Ifeveryoneinthecountryknewfirstaid,manyliveswouldbesaved.5).Ifthepeasantscouldfarmthelandthemselves,foodproductionwouldbemuchhigher.2.与过去事实相反：表示与过去事实相反的条件和结果。1).IfIhadhadtimelastnight,Iwouldhavegonetoseethefilmwithyou.2).Ifhehaddrivenmorecarefully,hewouldnothavehadthecaraccidentyesterday.3).IfIhadlearnthowtoswim,Iwouldnothavebeentrappedinthisisland.4).Ifthehurricanehadhappenedduringthedaytime,therewouldhavebeenmanymoredeaths.3.与将来事实可能相反：表示与将来事实可能相反的条件和结果。1).IfIsawhimtomorrow,Ishouldtellhim.2).IfIweretodoit,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.3).Ifitshouldbenecessary,Icouldcomeatsix.1）含有虚拟语气的条件状语从句中，如有had，should，were这三个词，在正式或书面语言中可将if省略，再将句子的主语和谓语动词实行部分倒装。注意1).Hadtheytime(=Iftheyhadtime),theywouldcertainlycomeandhelpus.2).Shoulditbefine(=Ifitshouldbefine),wewouldgoforanouting.3).WereIyou(=IfIwereyou),Iwouldgo.2）有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。这种句子可以称为错综复杂条件句1).Ifithadrainedlastnight,(过去)Iwouldbeverycoldtoday.（现在）2).IfIhadtakenyouradvice,(过去)Ishouldhavenotroublewiththeworknow.（现在）3）有时候，假设的情况不以条件从句表示，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表示。这种句子称为含蓄条件句。1).Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavouriteconditions.2).Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,buthehasbeensobusy.3).Suchmistakescouldhavebeenavoided.(ifwehadbeenmorecareful)4).Butforyourhelp,wecouldn’thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.5).Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.6).Withyourhelpwecouldhavedonebetter.7).IfonlyIwereabird!二．虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用1．在动词suggest,order,demand,propose,request,insist,require,desire等后的宾语从句中，用虚拟语气（即should+动词原形）来表示愿望，建议，命令，请求等。常见动词：一个坚持：insist（坚持要求）两个命令：order,command三个建议：advise,suggest,propose五个要求：demand,require,request,desire,ask这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气用法。即从句中的动词使用should+动词原形，或者将should省略。1).Isuggestthatwe(should)setoffatonce.2).Theyrequestedthatwe(should)sendadelegationtotheircountry.3).Thedoctorsuggestedthatshe(should)notsmoke.4).Heinsistedthatshe(should)gofirst.我们建议Tom去休息一下。他坚决要求我到场。国王命令囚犯明天要实施死刑。他们要求我们派他们去那儿工作。WesuggestedthatTom(should)havearest.HeinsistedthatI(should)bepresent.Thekingorderedthattheprisoners(should)bekilledthenextday.Theyrequestedthatwe(should)sendthemtoworkthere.2．wish(that)+subject+apasttense（与现在事实相反）1).IwishIwereasstrongasyou.2).Iwisheverydayweremybirthday.3).Iwishyouwerealittletaller.wish(that)+subject+pastperfect（与过去事实相反）1).Iwishyouhadtoldmeearlier.2).IwishIhadnevermethim.3).Iwish/wishedIhadn’teatensomuchwatermelon.4).Thepartywasawful,IwishIhadnevergonetoit.wish(that)+subject+would将来不大可能实现的愿望1).Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.2).Iwishyouwouldsucceedthistime.3).Iwishyoucouldflybacktome.三．虚拟语气在其他名词性从句中的运用ItisdesiredthatItissuggestedthatItisrequiredthatItisdemandedthatItwasorderedthat+…should+…ItwasproposedthatItisimportant/essential/necessary…thatItisapity/ashame/strange…that1).Itisdemandedthatenergyshouldbesaved.2).ItisimportantthatheshouldstudyEnglishbeforegoingabroad.3).Itisagreatpitythatheshouldbealwayscareless.在suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名称后的表语从句，同位语从句中Oursuggestionisthatyou(should)bethefirsttogo.Myadviceisthatwe(should)sendforDoctorLiDoyouknowtheorderthatyou(should)keepwatch?注Itis(high)timethatyouweretobed.Iwouldratheryoucametoseemetomorrow.wouldratherthat--现在：过去：未来：Iwouldratheritwerewinternow.()Iwouldratheryouhadgone,too.()Don’tcome.Iwouldratheryoucametomorrow.()过去时were/did过去时were/did过去完成时haddone现在过去未来It’s(about/high)time+that--should+V.过去时你该走了。我们该上课了。It’shightimethatyouwent.It’shightimethatyoushouldgo.It’stimethatwehadaclass.It’stimethatweshouldhaveaclass.四．虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用以asif，asthough引起的状语从句，其谓语形式与wish后的宾语从句相同。asif/though+从句现在：过去：过去时过去完成时Shelovesthebabyasifitwereherownson.Itseemsasifitwerespring.注意:从句情况如果很有可能发生,也可用陈述语气1).Itseemsasifitwerespringalready.2).HetalksasifhewereNapolean3).Itlooksasifitmightrain.4).Hetalksasifhehadbeentothemoon.5).Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.6).Hetalksasifhewouldgotothemoon.7).Takecareincaseyoushouldcatchcold.Correctthewrongsentences.1.Iftheweatherwasniceyesterday,wewouldhavegonetothezoo.2.Hewereyou,hewouldgohomeatonce.3.Ishouldhavecomehereearly,butIhadbeenbusy.hadbeenWereheyou/IfhewereyouwasGRAMMARSubjunctive[səb`dʒʌŋktiv]虚拟语气。1.Lookatthesentencesfromthelisteningpassage.Choosethecorrectanswers.page62A.Ifitwaseasy,I’dbearichmanbynow.B.Ifdidn’tbelievethat,I’dbeinadifferentjob.C.Ifthathappened,itwouldbeterrible.D.Ifwewereabletodothat,itwouldbewonderful.1SentencesAandBreferto____.(a）animaginarysituationinthepresentorfuture(b)arealsituationinthepresentorfuture2SentencesCandDreferto_____.(a)asituationthatwillprobablyhappen(b)asituationthatmaypossibly