句子成分和五种句子类型(全)

什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位．句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？！Iamateacher.Areyouastudent?Howbeautifulthegirlis!现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。按句子结构，句子可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句。只有一个主语（并列主语）和一个谓语（并列谓语），句子成分都是由单词和短语表示，这样的句子称为简单句。简单句最基本的类型有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种句型变化而来的。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？句子成分的构成句子的主要成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语句子的次要成分：定语、状语、补足语（同位语、插入语)1.主语(subject)1.主语是句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体.2.一般在句首。3.一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语(不定式，动名词或从句)充当。1.WestudyinLianPingMiddleSchool.2.Ourclassroomisveryclean.3.ToteachyouEnglishismyjob.4.Surfing,divingandswimmingareallwatersports.5.Fourplusfouriseight.6.Whatyousaidmademesad.7.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.8.Itmademeexcitedthatdadboughtmeacomputer.代词名词不定式动名词数词从句the+adj.it作形式主语2.谓语(verb)1.表示主语的行为动作或所处的状态。2.必须由动词充当。3.一般在主语后面，和主语在人称和数方面必须一致。谓语有简单谓语、复合谓语之分。(1)简单谓语：是由动词或动词词组组成的。Shealwaysstudieshard.Heoftenlistenstomusic.(2)复合谓语：是由“情态动词或助动词+动词”构成.HecanspeakEnglish.Wehavefinishedreadingthebook.Ididseeheryesterday.3.表语(predicative)1.说明主语的身份或特征、属性、状态等。2.位于在系动词后面。3.充当短语的可以使单词、短语或从句。1.Youlookyoungerthanbefore.2.Iamateacher.3.Jimisout.4.Nowtheyareathome.5.I’mnotquitemyselftoday.6.Hegotlostintheforest.7.Hishobbyisswimming.8.MyjobistoteachyouEnglish.9.ThebookiswhatIneed.形容词名词副词介词短语反身代词过去分词动名词不定式从句4.宾语(object)1.一个动作的承受者，表示动作的对象或结果。2.用在及物动词或介词后面.Sheisplayingthepiano.Heoftenhelpsme.Helikestosleepintheopenair.Heisaddictedtosmoking.WeenjoylivinginChina.3.宾语包括直接宾语和间接宾语。Pleasepassmethebook.=Pleasepassthebooktome.Heboughthersomeflowers.=Heboughtsomeflowersforher.Ihadbreadandmilkforbreakfastthismorning.Wheredidyoubuythat?(名词）Ineedtwentyworks.（数词）Healwaysdoestheunexpected.（名词化的形容词Remembertotellhimtocometothelecture.（不定式Ienjoyreadingforeignstories,especiallyAmericanones.（V-ing形式）Weallbelievethatyouaresuitableforthiswork.（从句5.宾语补足语(objectcomplement)放在宾语后面,对宾语进行补充说明,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。Imademyroombeautiful.Icanseeherdancingthere.Hemadehimselfknowntothem.Sheaskedmetolendhermybike.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.Pleasekeepthedogout.WecallherMissZhang.形容词现在分词过去分词不定式介词短语副词名词6.主语补足语(subjectcomplement)对主语进行补充说明。把下列句子改为被动语态:1.WesawTomdancinginhisroom.Tomwasseendancinginhisroom.2.TheyelectedJimmonitoroftheirclass.Jimwaselectedmonitoroftheirclass.3.Wewillmakeourcountrystrong.Ourcountrywillbemadestrong.定语(attribute)用来修饰名词或代词,起类似于形容词的修饰作用.1.Youareacleverboy.2.Iwanttotellyousomethingimportant.3.Hisfatherworksinashoefactory.4.Thereare66studentsinourclass.5.Doyouknowbetty’ssister?6.Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.7.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.8.Wehavenothingtodo.9.HisspokenEnglishisgood.10.Thegirlinredishissister.11.Doyouknowthemanwhostandsthere?形容词物主代词数词名词所有格现在分词过去分词介词短语形容词现在分词短语从句不定式名词状语(adverbial)1.修饰动词，形容词或副词,起类似于副词的作用。2.一般表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度，结果，条件，让步和伴随等意义。1.Hediditcarefully.2.Sheisveryenthusiasticaboutit.3.Heworksextremelyhard.4.Hecomestoseeuseveryday.5.Heisatthelibrarylookingupsomeinformation.6.I’llbebackinawhile.7.Withouthishelp,wecouldn’tworkitout.8.Hewaslatebecauseoftheheavyrain.9.Pleasecallmeupifitisnecessary.10.Shewasbeautifulwhenshewasagirl.同位语apposition对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释,说明它们的性质和情况。1.Tom,ourmonitor,isahandsomeboy.2.Imyselfwilldotheexperiment.3.Sheistheoldestamongthemsix.4.Thenewsthatheisillworriesus.名词反身代词数词从句插入语(parentheses)对一句话进行附加说明或解释，通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成，常置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。1.Generallyspeaking,themorehard-workingyouare,themorelikelyyouwillsucceed.2.Twomiddle-agedpassengersfellintothesea.Unfortunately，neitherofthemcouldswim.3.Yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn’treachtherequiredstandard，inotherwords,youfailed.4.Itissonicetohearfromher.Believeitornot，welastmetmorethanthirtyyearsago.5.Strangetosay,heshouldhavedonesuchathing.ChoosetherightanswerHemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery，_____ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkitD.IthinkwhichisA分析下列句子成分1.Everyonelaughed.2.Thebookspleasedthegirl.3.Iamastonished.4.Iheardhimshouting.5.Heboughthissonsomebooks.6.TheyounggirlwithlongblackhairisKate.7.Stephenapologizedatonce.8.Ihavenoideawhentheywillgo.9.IsawmyfriendTomstandingatthestation.IsawmyfriendTomstandingatthestation.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语↓宾语补足语种类类型主语S谓语动词v表语/宾语p/O(IO)宾语0(DO)宾补oc第1种S+VWework第２种Ｓ＋Ｖ＋０Heplaysviolin.第３种Ｓ＋ｖ＋ｐWearestudents第４种S+v+IO+DOshegavemeapen第５种S+V+O+OCHemademelaugh基本句型一：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.Thedinner│smells│good.午餐的气味很好。3.He│fell│inlove.他堕入了情网。4.Everything│looks│different.一切看来都不同了。5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.他长得又高又壮6.Thetrouble│is│thattheyareshortofmoney.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.我们井干枯了。8.Hisface│turned│red.他的脸红了。基本句型二：ＳＶ（主＋谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：Wecome.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物动词）1.Thesun│wasshining.太阳在照耀着。2.Theuniverse│remains.宇宙长存。3.Weall│breathe,eat,anddrink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4.Who│cares?管它呢