化工专业英语

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Part4Unit21ChemicalIndustryandEnvironment译:我们怎样才能减少产生废物的数量?我们怎样才能使废弃物质和商品纳入循环使用的程序?所有这些问题必须要在未来的几年里通过仔细的研究得到解决,这样我们才能保持文明和自然的平衡。Howcanwereducetheamountofwastethatisproduced?Andhowweclosetheloop(环路)byredirectingspentmaterialsandproductsintoprogramsofrecycling?Allofthesequestionsmustbeansweredthroughcarefulresearchinthecomingyearsaswestriveto努力keepcivilizationinbalancewithnature.SpentmaterialsSpentcatalyst译:燃煤发电厂像一些自然过程一样,也会释放硫化合物到大气层中,在那里氧化作用产生硫酸颗粒能反射入射进来的可见太阳辐射。在对流层,化石燃料燃烧所产生的氮氧化物在阳光的影响下与许多有机物分子结合产生都市烟雾。Coal-burningpowerplants,aswellassomenaturalprocesses,deliversulfurcompoundstothestratosphere(平流层),whereoxidationproducessulfuricacidparticlesthatreflectawaysomeoftheincomingvisiblesolarradiation.Inthetroposphere(对流程),nitrogenoxidesproducedbythecombustionoffossilfuelscombinewithmanyorganicmoleculesundertheinfluenceofsunlighttoproduceurbansmog.AtmosphericChemistry译:挥发的碳氢化合物异戊二烯,也就是众所周知的合成橡胶的结构单元,可以在森林中天然产生含氯氟烃。我们所熟悉的CFCs,在汽车空调和家用冰箱里是惰性的,但在中平流层内在紫外线的照射下回发生分解从而对地球大气臭氧层造成破坏。Thevolatilehydrocarbonisoprene,wellknownasabuildingblockofsyntheticrubber,isalsoproducednaturallyinforests.Andthechlorofluorocarbons,betterknownasCFCs,areinert(惰性的)inautomobileairconditionersandhomerefrigeratorsbutcomeapartunderultravioletbombardmentinthemid-stratosphere中平流层withdevastating破坏effectontheearth’sstratospheric平流层的ozonelayer.译:全球大气层中臭氧的平均浓度只有0.3ppm,但它对所有生命体的生长发育都起了关键的保护作用,因为是它吸收了太阳光线中有害的短波紫外辐射。在过去的二十年中,公众的注意力集中在人类对大气层的改变:酸雨、平流层臭氧空洞、温室现象,以及大气的氧化能力增强。Thegloballyaveragedatmosphericconcentrationofstratosphericozoneitselfisonly3partsin10million,butithasplayedacrucialprotectiveroleinthedevelopmentofallbiologicallifethroughitsabsorptionofpotentiallyharmfulshort-wavelengthsolarultravioletradiation.Duringthepast20years,publicattentionhasbeenfocusedonwaysthatmankindhascausedchangesintheatmosphere:acidrain,stratosphericzonedepletion,greenhousewarming,andtheincreasedoxidizingcapacityoftheatmosphere.译:前几代人已经知道,人类的活动会对邻近的环境造成影响,但意识到像酸雨这样的效应将由局部扩展到洲际范围则是慢慢发现的。随着臭氧空洞问题的出现,考虑到对全球的威胁,我们已真正进入到全球话改变的时代,但是基本的科学论据还没有完全建立。Wehaveknownforgenerationsthathumanactivityhasaffectedthenearbysurroundings,butonlygraduallyhavewenoticedsucheffectsasacidrainonaregionalthenonanintercontinental洲际的scale.Withtheproblemofozonedepletionandconcernsaboutglobalwarming,wehavenowtrulyenteredanera时代ofglobalchange,buttheunderlying基础的scientificfactshavenotyetbeenfullyestablished.译:产品生命循环周期的每一个阶段都会对环境造成影响。从原材料的提取,到加工、制造和运输的过程,最后到被消耗和丢弃或回收,每一个阶段都对工艺学和化学提出了挑战。重新设计产品和过程以减少对环境的影响需要新的生产原理和在不同的水平层面上理解化学变化。Everystageofaproduct’slifecyclehasanenvironmentalimpact,startingwithextractionofrawmaterials,continuingthroughprocessing,manufacturing,andtransportation,andconcludingwithconsumptionanddisposalorrecovery.Technologyandchemicalsciencearechallengedateverystage.Redesigningproductsandprocessestominimizeenvironmentalimpactrequiresanewphilosophyofproductionandadifferentlevelofunderstandingofchemicaltransformations.LifeCycleAnalysis译:对环境友善的产品要求有新的原料,它们应是可再使用的,可循环的,或者可生物降解的。物质的性质是由其化学组成和结构决定的,要减少废品和有污染的副产品,就要开发新的化学工艺线路,已开发的化学分离技术需要有效地提高以分离出剩余的污染物,这反过来又要求新的化学处理方法使它们变得无害。Environmentallyfriendlyproductsrequirenovelmaterialsthatarereusable,recyclable,orbiodegradable;propertiesofthematerialsaredeterminedbythechemicalcompositionandstructure.Tominimizewasteandpollutingby-products,newkindsofchemicalprocessschemes路线willhavetobedeveloped.Improvedchemicalseparationtechniquesareneededtoenhanceefficiencyandtoremoveresidualpollutants,whichinturnwillrequirenewchemicaltreatmentmethodsinordertorenderthemharmless.DegradeUpgrade译:而诸如放射性元素和那些不容易转化为无害物质的重金属污染物则需要把它们固定为惰性物质以便能安全地储放。还有最后一点,早期的污染残留物,对环境污染程度尚未很意识到的一些物质要求进一步用化学和生物的修复技术进行处理。Pollutantssuchasradioactiveelements(放射性元素)andtoxicheavymetalsthatcannotbereadilyconvertedintoharmlessmaterialswillneedtobeimmobilized固定ininertmaterialssothattheycanbesafelystored.Finally,theleftover剩余的pollutionofanearlier,lessenvironmentallyawareerademandsimprovedchemicalandbiologicalremediation(补救)techniques.harmlessmaterial无害材料Inertmaterial惰性材料activematerial活性材料译:了解化学反应的机理可以帮助我们发现以前不知道的环境问题,CFCs对臭氧层造成的威胁能够正确地预防要得益于大气化学的基础研究。由此导致了国际上一致同意逐步取消这些产品的生产。而代之以作用相同但对环境更为友善的其它产品。Knowledgeofchemicaltransformationscanalsohelpinthediscoveryofpreviouslyunknownenvironmentalproblems.ThethreattotheozonelayerposedbyCFCswascorrectlyanticipatedthroughfundamentalstudiesofatmosphericchemistry,eventuallyleadingtointernationalagreementsforphasingouttheproductionoftheseotherwiseusefulchemicalsinfavorofequallyfunctionalbutenvironmentallymorecompatible(相容)alternatives.CFCs:Chloro-fluoro-carbon氟氯烃译:另一方面,南极上空臭氧空洞的出现使科学家们大为震惊,随后才发现了以前所不了解的南极寒冷的平流层内硝酸晶体表面所发生的氯原子的反应。这对我们进一步了解自然界中所发生的化学反应过程是非常重要的。不管这些反应是发生在淡水中,海水中,土壤里,地下环境或是大气中。Ontheotherhand,theappearanceoftheozoneholeovertheAntarcticcameasasurprisetoscientistsandonlysubsequentlywastracedto(追溯到)previouslyunknownchlorinereactionsoccurringatthesurfaceofnitricacidcrystals(晶体)inthefrigid寒冷的Antarcticstratosphere平流层.Thusitiscriticallyimportanttoimproveourunderstandingofthechemicalprocessesinnature,whethertheyoccurinfreshwater,saltwater,soil,subterranean(地下的)environments,or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