何家弘法律英语课件第二课

法律英语1LessonTwoLegalProfession法律职业法律英语2Iftherewerenobadpeople,therewouldbenogoodlawyers.CharlesDickens,Britishnovelist倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。英国小说家狄更斯C法律英语3Background律师法官检查官法学教师法律职业变换频繁HarlanFiskeStone法律英语4法律英语5Part1TheBarBar——法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。美国律师协会法律英语6法律英语7律师美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney–at-lawCounselerCounseler–at-law英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师法律英语8Theregulationofthelegalprofessionisprimarilytheconcernofthestates,eachofwhichhasitsownrequirementsforadmissiontopractice.对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允许律师执业的条件。法律英语9Mostrequirethreeyearsofcollegeandalawdegree.Eachstateadministersitsownwrittenexaminationtoapplicantsforitsbar.三年大学法律学位书面考试法律英语10Almostallstates,however,makeuseoftheMultistateBarExam,aday-longmulti-choicetest,towhichthestatesaddsaday-longessayexaminationemphasizingitsownlaw.各州律师联考州综合问答题法律英语11•TheMultistateBarExamination(MBE)isasix-hour,two-hundredquestionmultiple-choiceexaminationcoveringcontracts,torts,constitutionallaw,criminallaw,evidence,andrealproperty.法律英语12Asubstantialfractionofallapplicantssucceedonthefirsttry,andmanyofthosewhofailpassonalaterattempt.通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试的人很少。法律英语13Inall,overfortythousandpersonssucceedinpassingtheseexaminationstothebarintheirrespectivestates.每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。Noapprenticeshipisrequiredeitherbeforeorafteradmission.在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。法律英语14Therulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourts,在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliancewithminorformalities.在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。法律英语15Alawyer’spracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresentclients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.律师通常在一个地区执业可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务只能在获准开业的州从业法律英语16Itiscustomarytoretainlocalcounselformattersinotherjurisdictions.在其他管辖区保留当地律师的身份是一种惯例。有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。法律英语17Onewhomovestoanotherstatecanusuallybeadmittedwithoutexaminationifonehaspracticedinastatewhereonehasbeenadmittedforsometime,oftenfiveyears.如果一个人已经执业5年以上，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。法律英语18Alawyermaynotonlypracticelaw,butispermittedtoengageinanyactivitythatisopentoothercitizens.从事律师业务参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动法律英语19Itisnotuncommonforpracticinglawyertoserveonboardsofdirectorsofcorporateclients,toengageinbusiness,andtoparticipateactivelyinpublicaffairs.在公司的董事会任职从事商业活动积极参与公共事务法律英语20Alawyerremainsamemberofthebarevenafterbecomingajudge,anemployeeofthegovernmentorofaprivatebusinessconcern,oralawteacher,anymayreturntoprivatepracticefromtheseotheractivities.律师在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营企业或者成为法律教师以后，还保留着律师的身份。他们可以放弃其他活动，回来再做律师。法律英语21Arelativelysmallnumberoflawyersgiveuppracticeforresponsibleexecutivepositionsincommerceandindustry.有很少数量的律师为了从事工商业活动而放弃律师业务。法律英语22ThemobilityaswellasthesenseofpublicresponsibilityintheprofessionisevidencebythecareerofHarlanFiskeStonewhowas,atvarioustimes,asuccessfulNewYorklawyer,aprofessoranddeanoftheColumbiaSchoolofLaw,AttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates,andChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates.律师教授院长总检察长首席大法官法律英语23HarlanFiskeStone1872-1946DistinguishedjuristHarlanFiskeStonewasbornonOctober11,1872inChesterfield,NewHampshire.著名法理学家法律英语24•AftergraduatingfromAmherstCollegein1894,hecontinuedontoColumbiaUniversityfromwhichhereceivedhislawdegreein1898.ThenextyearhewasadmittedtotheNewYorkbar.•加入纽约律师协会法律英语25In1910StonebecamethedeanoftheColumbiaLawSchool.In1924hewasappointedbyPresidentCoolidgetobeAttorneyGeneral.哥伦比亚大学法学院院长司法部长（总检察长）法律英语26In1925hewasnominatedtotheSupremeCourt.WhileontheCourt,StonewasastrongsupporterofPresidentRoosevelt'sNewDeallegislation.RooseveltappointedStoneChiefJusticein1941.Stonediedin1946attheageof73.最高法院法官罗斯福新政最高法院首席大法官法律英语27Theseisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.美国没有律师职业的划分。英国：Barristers：出庭律师、大律师、诉讼律师Solicitors：诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师法律英语28thereisnobranchofprofessionthathasaspecialorexclusiverighttoappearincourt,noristhereabranchthatspecializesinthepreparationoflegalinstruments.美国：出庭代理诉讼准备法律文书attorney法律英语29TheAmericanlawyer’sdomainincludesadvocacy,counseling,anddrafting.Furthermore,withinthespherebroadlydefinedasthe“practiceoflaw”thedomainisexclusiveandisnotopentoothers.代理诉讼，出庭辩护；咨询服务；起草文书；律师实务法律英语30Inthefieldofadvocacy,therulesarefairlyclear:anyindividualmayrepresenthimselforherselfincourtbut,withtheexceptionofafewinferiorcourts,onlyalawyermayrepresentanotherincourt.出庭辩护：•当事人本人•代理律师法律英语31Thelinesofdemarcationarelessclearintheareasofcounselinganddraftingoflegalinstruments,asforexamplebetweenthepracticeoflawandthatofaccountinginthefieldoffederalincometaxation.咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不明确。就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划分不清。法律英语32However,thestrictapproachofmostAmericancourtsisindicatedbyadecisionofNewYork’shighestcourtthatalawyeradmittedtopracticeinaforeigncountrybutnotinNewYorkisprohibitedfromgivinglegaladvicetoclientsinNewYork,eventhoughtheadviceislimitedtothelawofforeigncountrywherethelawyerisadmitted.纽约最高法院规定，在外国而不是在纽约取得执业资格的律师，不