量子信息学引论第1讲

1量子信息学引论清华大学2012.9.12第一讲IntroductiontoQuantumInformationScience刘玉玺简历1998年7月在北京大学物理系获得博士学位1998年8月至2000年10月中国科学院理论物理研究所博士后2000年11月至2002年10月日本综合研究大学院大学日本学术振兴会博士后2002年11月至2009年1月任日本理化学研究所研究员；在2006年7月至2008年6月期间也任日本科学技术振兴机构研究员2009年起任清华微电子所，微纳电子系教授,清华大学“百人计划”，2010年获国家杰出青年科学基金主要研究方向：微纳固体器件的量子相干理论、超导及其固体量子信息处理等。共发表SCI论文80篇，其中，Phys.Rev.系列杂志66篇，他引1000余次，H因子为24。3联系方式•刘玉玺：[e-mail]@riken.jp办公室电话：62797781办公室地点：FIT楼3-610•助教：李浩•课代表：？？？•答疑时间：星期五下午2-4点4考核方式•考勤和课堂讨论:20分•作业:30分•考试：50分5教材主要参考••VirtualJournalofQuantumInformation••Nature,Science•Phys.Rev.Lett.,Phys.Rev.A67教学内容具体内容分为：一、绪论(1次)二、量子力学导论(3次)三、量子线路(3次)四、量子算法及量子傅里叶（Fourier）变换(3次)五、量子信息处理的物理实现及最新进展(5-6次)8第一章绪论1.1量子信息学总览1.2量子比特1.3量子计算1.3.1单量子比特门1.3.2多量子比特门1.3.3在非计算基上的测量1.3.4量子线路1.3.5量子位复制线路?1.3.6例子:Bell态1.3.7例子:量子传态1.4量子算法1.5实验量子信息处理1.6量子信息9量子信息学的定义•量子信息学是运用量子力学基本原理进行信息编码、通信、计算处理的新兴交叉学科。10计算机发展简史AbacusMechanicalcalculatingmachinebefore1930Quantuminformationprocessor???Electroniccalculators(1930-1950)Digitalcomputer(after1950)11Itisamechanicalaidusedforcounting.Itcanbeusedtoperformaddition,subtraction,divisionandmultiplication.SuanPan,EasternHanDynasty,公元190(AD=AnnoDomini)Abacus12Soroban,AzuchiMomoyamaera(1575AD)Theoldestabacuswasusedin300B.C.bytheBabylonians.BeadandwireabacuswasusedinEgyptin500B.C.(BeforeChrist).AbacusinJapan13Mechanicalcalculatingmachine(1642-1945)Itwasbuiltin1642BlaisePascal(1623-1662)FrenchmathematicianandphilosopherPascaldiscoveredattheageof12thatthesumoftheanglesinatriangleisalways180degrees,In1643(19yearsold),Pascalinventedmechanicalcalculatortohelphisfathertocollecttaxes.社会需要促使科学技术的大发展14VonLeibniz(1646-1716)Itwascompletedin1674,addition,subtraction,multiplicationand,division.Mechanicalcalculatingmachine(1642-1945)15Itwaspatentedin1820.Arithmometer(四则运算器)FranceThomasdeColmar(1785-1870)Mechanicalcalculatingmachine(1642-1945)TheThomasMachinewasverysuccessfulandonehundredyearslater,duringthefirsthalfofthe20thCentury,themachinewasstillsold.16CharlesBabbage,UK1792-18711822,DifferenceEngineMechanicalcalculatingmachine(1642-1945)科学研究既要与时俱进，又要符合时代的要求，更需要有远见的支持17Electronic-mechanicalcomputer(1944)ColossusMarkIwasbuiltinFebruary1944.ColossusMarkIisanelectro-mechanicalcomputer.TheColossusmachineswereearlycomputingdevicesusedbyBritishcode-breakerstoreadencryptedGermanmessagesduringWorldWarII.Colossuswasanearlyelectronicmechanicalcomputer.成功破解了德军的密码系统。18TheFirstGeneration-VacuumTubes–ElectronicTubes（1945-1955）(1951-1959)VacuumTubesElectronicTubesFeb.15thin1946ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer19JohnW.Mauchly(1907-1980),J.PresperEckert(1919-1995)J.PresperEckertandJohnW.Mauchly20GeneralViewoftheENIAC,1946.Thetitleofforefatheroftoday’sall-electronicdigitalcomputerisusuallyawardedtoENIAC(electronicnumericalintegratorandcomputer).ItwasbuiltattheUniversityofPennsylvaniabetween1943and1945bytwoprofessors,JohnMauchlyandJ.PresperEckert.Physically,ENIACwasamonster.Itcontained17,468vacuumtubes,7,200crystaldiodes,1,500relays,70,000resistors,10,000capacitorsandaround5millionhand-solderedjoints.Itweighed30shorttons(27t),wasroughly8feet(2.4m)by3feet(0.9m)by100feet(30m),tookup1800squarefeet(167m2),andconsumed150kWofpower.InputwaspossiblefromanIBMcardreader,whileanIBMcardpunchwasusedforoutput.ThesecardscouldbeusedtoproduceprintedoutputofflineusinganIBMaccountingmachine,probablytheIBM405.ENIAC(electronicnumericalintegratorandcomputer:电子数字积分器与计算器)20thcenturyabouttheENIAC:“WhereacalculatorontheENIACisequippedwith18000vacuumtubesandweighs30tons,computersinthefuturemayhaveonly1000tubesandweighonly1.5tons.”PopularMechanics,March1949FantasyorReality?22AlanTuring,UK人工智能之父（1912–1954）1936inPrincetonuniversityJohnvonNeumann,Hungary计算机之父（1903--1957）AlanTuringandJohnvonNeumann23SecondGeneration-Transistors(1959-1965)IBM7090Secondgenerationcomputersystemstookadvantageofsemiconductortechnologywhichmeantthattransistorsreplacedthevacuumtubes.Thisresultedinreducedphysicalsize,fastercomputingandgreaterpower.24ThirdGeneration-IntegratedCircuits(1965to1971)Thirdgenerationcomputersweremadefromintegratedcircuits,againreducingsize,fastercomputingandgreaterpower.Integratedcircuitsatthistimeconsistedofapieceofsiliconabout10mmsquareonwhichuptoonethousandtransistorscouldbeplaced.Magnecticdiscswereimproved,greatlyincreasingstoragecapacity.Input/Outputdevicessuchasmonitorsandkeyboardswereintroducedandtheoperatingsystemwasfirstadopted.April1964,IBM36025FourthGeneration-VeryLargeScaleIntegration(1971-present)Fromintegratedcircuitstolargescaleintegrationtoverylargescaleintegration;thiswasthestartofthemicroprocessorage.Themicroprocessorusedcontinuedtoimprovefromthe8086,80286tothe80486,thenPentiumandPentium11(equilvalentto80586and80686).26Anelectronicdevicethatstores,retrieves,andprocessesinformation,andcanbeprogrammedwithinstructions.Hardware:wecantouch,see,e.g.,monitor,mouse,keyboard.Software:thecomputerprogramsthattellthecomputerwhattodo.Digitalcomputer27(1)Thebasicunitofdigitalcomputeristhebinarydigit,calledasbit.(2)Ph