英语如何写summary (1)

SummaryWritingDefinitionandfeaturesofasummaryUsesofsummaryProceduresofwritingasummaryWhatisSummary?Asummaryisashortenedversion,inyourownwords,ofsomethingyouhaveread.Itreproducesthethemeoftheoriginalwithasfewwordsaspossible.一个总结是用你自己的话概括压缩你读的东西。是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。.Asummarydoesnotincludeyourownopinionsaboutwhatyouread..Allonehastodoistogiveabriefaccountoftheauthor’sexactmeaning.一个总结不包括你自己对你所读的东西的看法。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。FeaturesofSummaryBrevity简洁Objectivity客观Completeness全面UsesofsummarywritingSummarywritingisaverygoodexerciseforimprovingreadingcomprehension.Somestudentsreadcarelessly,andgainonlyavagueideaofwhattheyhaveread.Summarywritingcanforcethemtotrytounderstandwhattheyread,becausesummarizingrequiresonetoreadwiththemind,aswellaswiththeeye,onthepage.UsesofsummarywritingSummarywritingisalsohelpfultocompositionwriting.Whenwritingasummary,onehastoworkwithinstrictlimits.Onemustexpressacertainmeaninginafixednumberofwords.Soitisimportanttochoosewordscarefully,tomakesentenceswithaccuracyandbrevity,andtowritewithsummaryinlogicalorder.UsesofsummarywritingSummarywritinghaspracticaluses.Theabilitytograspquicklyandaccuratelywhatisread,orheard,andtoreproduceitinaclearandconcise简明的wayisofgreatvaluetopeopleofmanyprofessions.Proceduresofwritingasummarya.Readingb.Writingc.RevisionReading认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。给缩写起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。找出每一个主要段落的主题句。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。把文章划分出几个大的部分，总结每一部分的论点。并确定出文章的中心思想。简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、例证等你认为对概括缩写重要的东西Reading现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。ReadingWriting缩写应该只有原文的十分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以10，得到一个数字。缩写的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。Writing缩写应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子（可以用单词或短语）。Writing应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。Writing缩写必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。Writing缩写时可以采用下列几种小技巧：Writingskill1.删除细节。只保留主要观点。Writingskill2.选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。Writingskill3.把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。Writingskill避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在缩写中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。Writingskill4.压缩长的句子。如下列两例：Writingskill“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”可以概括为：”Hewasbraveinbattle.”“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”可以概括为：“HehasMoneyproblems.”Writingskill5.你可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：Writingskill“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”可以概括为：MountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyafewpeople,buttodaybymany,duetobetterwages,paidholidays,andbetterservices.”Writingskill6.使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：Writingskill“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervacation.”可以概括为：”Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadinvacation.”Writingskill7.使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though，不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。Writingskill8.文章中的第一人称说的话通常在缩写中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：WritingskillKatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:Youusemuchtoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paul—it’snotgoodforyou!”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:”Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidn’thavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawful…likeeatingcardboard硬纸板orsand…justimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpasta面团cookedwithoutsalt!”Katewaspatient.Shedidn’twanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguises掩盖thetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtle微妙的thansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”(136words)可以用第三人称概括为：Katequarreled/disagreedwithPauloverhowmuchsalttheyshouldeat.Shewantedless,buthewantedmore.(18words)Revision草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，缩写中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果缩写中出现了不必要的细节、词汇、短语或长句子，删除或概括它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。