宏观经济学家之父-凯恩斯

Groupmember:ArrowbinLesleyKateWearegroup2Thefatherofmacroeconomic-----------KeynesIntroductionName:JohnMaynardKeynesBorn:5thJune,1883Death:21thApril,1946Graduate:Cambridgeuniversitymaster’sdegreeKeyneswasborninCambridge,England,anupper-middle-classfamily.HisfatherwasaneconomistandalecturerinmoralsciencesattheUniversityofCambridgeandhismotherwasalocalsocialreformer,hisfamilyandhisteacherAlfredMarshallhadinfluencedhimalotwhichmadehimbecomeagreateconomist.FamilyBackgroud1.Keyneshadhiseducationathomeandatnursery.HeattendedThePerseSchoolnurseryin1890beforebecomingadaypupilatStFaith'spreparatoryschoolin1892.TeachersdescribedthatKeyneswasbrilliant,butcarelessandlackingindetermination.Hishealthwasoftenpoorduringthisperiod,leadingtoseverallongabsences.EducationalBackgroudEarlytime2.KeyneswonascholarshiptoEtonCollegein1897,wherehedisplayedtalentinawiderangeofsubjects,particularlymathematics,classicsandhistory..EducationalBackgroudEtonCollege2020/2/243.In1902KeynesleftEtonforKing'sCollege,Cambridgetostudymathematicsafterreceivingascholarship.AlfredMarshallbeggedKeynestobecomeaneconomist,althoughKeynes'sowninclinationsdrewhimtowardsphilosophy–especiallytheethicalsystemofG.E.Moore.Keyneswasalsoanactivememberofthesemi-secretiveCambridgeApostlessociety,adebatingclublargelyreservedforthebrighteststudents.EducationalBackgroudCambridgecollegeTimeEventIn1906HeworkedasaclerkintheIndiaofficeIn1908HereturnedtoCambridgeandworkonprobabilitytheoryIn1909HepublishedhisfirstprofessionaleconomicsarticleintheEconomicsJournal,abouttheeffectofarecentglobaleconomicdownturnonIndia.In1911HewasmadeeditorofTheEconomicJournalKeynes’scareerlifeTimeEventIn1913hepublishedhisfirstbook,IndianCurrencyandFinanceIn1915HetookupanofficialgovernmentpositionattheTreasuryIn1917HewasappointedCompanionoftheOrderoftheBathforhiswartimeworkIn1919HewasappointedfinancialrepresentativefortheTreasuryHewasappiontedOfficeroftheBelgianOrderofLeopold.heturneddownanoffertobecomechairmanoftheBritishBankofNorthernCommerceHepublicedthebookTheEconomicConsequencesofthePeace,Keynes’scareerlife2020/2/24School(学派)HebelongstotheschoolofthoughtknownasKeynes'economicsanditsvariousoffshorts.`1930ATreatiseonMoney1923ATractonMonetaryReform1936TheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,InterestandMoneyHisbooks2020/2/24TheoryMacroeconomicsHeadvocatedgovernmenttoexpandpublicspendingonengineeringaspects,increasethemoneysupply,thebudgetdeficittostimulatethenationaleconomicactivities,inordertoincreasenationalincome,realizefullemployment.Ifyouearn100RMB,howmuchwouldyouusetobuything?50RMBSothepercentageofyourconsumptionis50%Howaboutifyouearn200RMB?80RMBSothepercentageofyourconsumptionis40%Sothepercentageofyourconsumptiondeclinewiththeincreaseofearnings2020/2/241.Lawofdiminishingmarginalpropensitytoconsume(MPC)边际消费倾向递减规律Itreferstopeople'sconsumptionincreasealongwiththeincreaseofincome,butthepercentageofconsumptionintheincreaseincomeislessandless.Thedifferenceisthesavings.是指人们的消费虽然随收入的增加而增加，但在所增加的收入中用于增加消费的部分越来越少TheoryKeynesarguedthatthelawofdiminishingmarginalpropensitytoconsume(MPC)isdeterminedbyhumannature.Becauseofthislaw,consumptionisnotsufficient.2LawofDiminishingMarginalEfficiencyofCapital资本边际效率递减规律Increasinginvestmentwillinevitablycausetheriseinthepriceofresource,andtheriseinthepriceofresourcesmeansthatthecostincreaseIncreasinginvestmentwillincreasetheamountofproductproducedin,andtheproductquantityincreasesmarketpricestofall2LawofDiminishingMarginalEfficiencyofCapitalCapitalistscannotgetmorebenefitsfrominvestment,sotheinvestmentdemanddecline.Question:Ifyouhaveexcessmoney,whatwouldyouprefertodo?3.liquiditypreference流动偏好Liquiditypreferencereferstothepeoplemorewillingtokeeptheirwealthintheformofacurrencyordeposit.（人们愿意以货币形式或存款形式保持某一部分财富)ThisalsocausetheconsumptiondeclineConsumptiondemandTotaldemandInvestmentdemandThethreebasicpsychologicalruleleadtothetotaldemandislessthanthetotalsupply.Causestoinsufficientdemand1.Lawofdiminishingmarginalpropensitytoconsume(MPC)边际消费倾向递减规律2LawofDiminishingMarginalEfficiencyofCapital资本边际效率递减规律3liquiditypreference流动偏好InsufficienteffectivedemandledtotheoverproductionandEconomiccrisisandunemployment.Themarketpricemechanism(市场价格机制)cannotsolveit.Keynesadvocatedtoabandoneconomicliberalism,guidelineandpolicyofthestateinterventioninlieu.凯恩斯主张放弃经济自由主义，代之以国家干预的方针和政策!!!MeasuresKeynesarguedthatgovernmentsthroughincomedistributionpolicytostimulateeffectivedemandtoachievefullemployment.Tostimulatetheincreaseofsocialdemandforinvestment,hearguesthat:1Toexpandpublicworks扩大公共工程2Increasethemoneysupply,implementsthebudgetdeficit增加货币供应量，实行赤字预算Thiscreatedthemodernmacroeconomics2020/2/24AustrianSchooleconomistHewasKeynes'sthemostprominentcontemporarycritic,withsharplyopposingviewsontheeconomy.Somecommentsonhim1.FriedrichHayek(哈耶克）VSKeynes2020/2/24YetafterKeynes'sdeathhewrote:HewastheonereallygreatmanIeverknew,andforwhomIhadunboundedadmiration.Theworldwillbeaverymuchpoorerplacewithouthim.1.FriedrichHayek(哈耶克）VSKeynesformerheadoftheeconomicsdepartmentattheLondonSc