复习:理想运放工作在线性区的特点∵uo=Auo(u+–u–)∴(u+–u–)=uo/Auo≈0电压传输特性++∞uou–u+i+i––u+–u–uo线性区–Uo(sat)+Uo(sat)OAuo≈所以(1)差模输入电压约等于0即u+=u–,称“虚短”(2)输入电流约等于0:∵(u+–u–)=irid∴i=(u+–u–)/rid0即i+=i–0,称“虚断”注意:以上“两虚”是以后分析的依据!!16.2.1比例运算(反相、同相、跟随)1.反相比例运算uoRFuiR2R1++––++–平衡电阻R2=R1//RFuoRFuiR2R1++––++–2.同相比例运算i1Fo)1(uRRu1Fiof1RRuuAu3.电压跟随器uoui++––++–uo=uiAuf=1电阻有何影响?16.2.2加法运算电路1.反相加法运算电路因虚短,u–=u+=0(虚地)ii2ii1ifui2uoRFui1Ri2Ri1++–R2+–因虚断,i–=0所以ii1+ii2=ifFo2i2i1i1iRuRuRu故得)(-2i2i1i1iuRRuRRuFFO平衡电阻:R2=Ri1//Ri2//RF利用叠加原理更为简明ii2ii1ifui2uoRFui1Ri2Ri1++–R2+–当ui1单独作用时(ui2接地,此时Ri2左端接地、右端为虚地):∴反向比例:1i1io-'uRRuF当ui2单独作用时(ui1接地):2i2io-''uRRuF'''oouuu故得)(-2i2i1i1iuRRuRRFF平衡电阻:R2=Ri1//Ri2//RF时:当i2i1iRRR)(-2i1iiuuRRuFo时:当FRRi)(-2i1iuuuo注意:运放组成的线性电路均可使用叠加原理1.输入电阻低;2.共模电压低;3.当改变某一路输入电阻时,对其它路无影响;反相加法运算电路的特点:ui2uoRFui1Ri2Ri1++–R2+–)(-2i2i1i1iuRRuRRuFFORp2RP1∞-+Δ+uoui1RF∞-+Δ+uo1RRR1R2ui2例1:求图示电路中uo与ui1、ui2的关系。解:电路由第一级的反相器和第二级的加法运算电路级联而成。11F22Fo12F11Fo2o1)(iiiiuRRuRRuRRuRRuuu2.同相加法运算电路方法1:根据叠加原理ui1单独作用(ui2=0)时,1i2i1i2iuRRRu同理,ui2单独作用时:1Fo)1(uRRu?u2i2i1i1i1Fo)1(uRRRRRu1i2i1i2i1F)1(uRRRRR))(1(2i2i1i1i1i2i1i2i1FouRRRuRRRRRuui2uoRFui1Ri2Ri1++–R1+–P123习题10的ui3、ui4方法2:2i2i1i1i1i2i1i2iuRRRuRRRuuRRu)1(1Fo平衡电阻:Ri1//Ri2=R1//RFu+))(1(2i2i1i1i1i2i1i2i1FouRRRuRRRRRuu+=?也可写出u–和u+的表达式,利用u–=u+的性质求解。ui2uoRFui1Ri2Ri1++–R1+–))(1(2i2i1i1i1i2i1i2i1FouRRRuRRRRRuui2uoRFui1Ri2Ri1++–R1+–2i1io2i1i1FuuuRRRR时:特别地,当同相加法运算电路的特点:(1)输入电阻高;(2)共模电压高;(3)当改变某一路输入电阻时,对其它路有影响;16.2.3减法运算电路ui2uoRFui1R3R2++–R1+–++––常用做测量放大电路R2//R3=R1//RF为使学生加深理解,书上从基本概念推导实际上,用叠加原理更简明当ui1单独作用时(ui2接地):为反相比例:1i1o-'uRRuF当ui2单独作用时(ui1接地):为同相比例:uRRu)1(''1FoP123第7题,已解2i323uRRRu而:即得:代入'''ooouuu))1(1i1F2i3231FouRRuRRRRRu特别地:R1=R2,R3=RF)(1i2i1FouuRRu常用!见后面例题例2:求图示电路中uo与ui1、ui2的关系。R4R3∞-+Δ+uoui2R1∞-+Δ+uo1R2R1R2ui1A1A2解:电路由第一级的同相比例运算电路和第二级的减法运算电路级联而成。112o11iuRRu1221221112212211o21o1111iiiiiuuRRuRRuRRRRuRRuRRuP124第14题例3试用两级运算放大器设计一个加减运算电路,实现以下运算关系:321o82010iiiuuuu教学目的:反相加法也可实现减法电路解由题中给出的运算关系可知ui3与uo反相,而ui1和ui2与uo同相,故可用反相加法运算电路将ui1和ui2相加后,其和再与ui3反相相加,从而可使ui3反相一次,而ui1和ui2反相两次。根据以上分析,可画出实现加减运算的电路图,如图所示。ui2R3∞-+Δ+uo1ui1Rf1R1R2R6∞-+Δ+uoui3Rf2R4R5A1A2由图可得:22f211f1o1iiuRRuRRu34f222f111f15f2o15f234f2oiiiiuRRuRRuRRRRuRRuRRu根据题中的运算要求设置各电阻阻值间的比例关系:15f2RR,101f1RR,202f1RR,84f2RR若选取k100f2f1RR,则可求得其余各电阻的阻值分别为:k101R,k52R,k5.124R,k1005R平衡电阻R3、R6的值分别为:k5.2100//5//10////f1213RRRRk10100//100//5.12////f2546RRRRP125习题20题型示例uo2+-+ui1R3Rui2+-+RR1A2A1uo1+-+A3uoR2R2R3例4(P129习题28):求输出电压uo及电压放大倍数Au。解:据虚短:ui1ui2i根据虚断:i=(ui1-ui2)/R1╳╳uo1=ui1+iR=ui1+R(ui1-ui2)/R1)uo2=ui2-iR=ui2-R(ui1-ui2)/R1)))(21(2i1i12o1ouuRRuu代入得P125第16题A3构成减法电路:已导出uo=?)(2o1o23ouuRRu))(21(:2i1i123ouuRRRRu代入)21(1232i1iofRRRRuuuAu改变R1的阻值,即可方便地调节电压放大倍数例5分析精密仪用放大电路的工作原理A1、A2组成对称电路可把R1中点看成零电位有us1us2uo2uo1A3组成差分放大电路uoRt和R组成测量桥路,平衡时输出为零,否则,能进行有效放大。电路具有较高精度和良好性能。[例6]图中,321RRR,id1ic1i1uuu,id2ic2i2uuuic2ic1uuid2id1uu其中是共模分量,是差模分量。如果,试问RF多大时输出电压不含共ifR1R2uoRFiiui1+–R3+–ui2+–+–+模分量?i11Fi23231Fo)1(uRRuRRRRRu)()()1(id1ic11Fid2ic23231FuuRRuuRRRRRic21F3231F])1[(uRRRRRRR)()1(id21Fid23231FuRRuRRRRR[解]欲使uo不含共模分量uic2,必须满足下列条件:0)1(1F3231FRRRRRRR0)1(:1F3231FoRRRRRRRu满足条件中不含共模分量,必须欲使)()1(id21Fid21231FouRRuRRRRRu,321RRR1FRRid22uid1ic1i1mV)28(mV10uuuid2ic2i2mV)28(mV6uuumV42id2ouu[解]因经整理后得。此时输出电压例如则课堂小结掌握加法、减法运算电路结构及分析计算方法(利用公式)P120选择题答案16.2.1(3),4(3),5(2)作业:P124习题16.2.11~15不必交,只在下面自己练习:P120~121选择题16.2.2~3