Unit1-Never-Give-in--Never--Never

NEVERGIVEIN,NEVER,NEVER,NEVERUnit1Unit1NEVERGIVEIN,NEVER,NEVER,NEVERUnit1NeverGivein,Never,Never•Whatdoesthetexttellyou?–WinstonChurchill’sspeechatHarrowSchool（哈罗公学）–ToencourageBritaininWWII–HowtodealwithadversityWinstonChurchillSirWinstonLeonardSpencer-Churchill(30November1874—24January1965)wasaBritishpoliticianandstatesmanknownforhisleadershipoftheUnitedKingdomduringtheSecondWorldWar(WWII)andhissuccessinleadinghiscountryfromthebrinkofdefeattovictory.HeservedasPrimeMinistertwice(1940—1945and1951—1955)andiswidelyregardedasoneofthegreatwartimeleaders.Heisanotedstatesmanandorator,historian,writer,andanartist.Todate,heistheonlyBritishprimeministertohavereceivedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature,andthefirstpersontohavebeenrecognizedasanhonorarycitizenoftheUnitedStates.Culturalinformation3AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationWinstonChurchillwasborntoanaristocraticfamily,withrenownedancestorsandapoliticianfather.Asaprolificwriter,hewroteanovel,twobiographies,threevolumesofmemoirs,andseveralhistoriesinadditiontohismanynewspaperarticles.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturein1953“forhisCulturalinformation4masteryofhistoricalandbiographicaldescriptionaswellasforbrilliantoratoryindefendingexaltedhumanvalues”.AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationWorldWarII,ortheSecondWorldWar,themostwidespreadwarinhistory,lastedfrom1939to1945andinvolvedmostoftheworld’snationswhichformedtwoopposingmilitaryalliances,theAlliesandtheAxis.Culturalinformation1AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationThewarbeganon1September,1939,withtheinvasionofPolandbyGermanyandSlovakia,andsubsequentdeclarationsofwaronGermanybyFranceandmostofthecountriesoftheBritishEmpireandCommonwealth.Fromlate1939toearly1941,inaseriesofcampaignsandtreaties,GermanyconqueredorsubduedmuchofcontinentalEurope.BritainandtheCommonwealthremainedtheonlymajorforcecontinuingthefightagainsttheAxisinNorthAfricaandinextensivenavalwarfare.Churchill’sspeechatHarrowaswasadaptedinthetextwasdeliveredinthishistoricalcontext.Culturalinformation2AudiovisualsupplementCulturalinformationStructuralanalysisThistextisaninspiringspeechmadebyWinstonChurchill,GreatBritain’sthenPrimeMinister,whenhevisitedHarrowSchoolon29October,1941.Thewholespeechcanbedividedintothreeparts.PartI(Paragraph1):Someopeningremarks,inwhichChurchillsummarizedtheeventsthathadhappenedsincehislastvisittoHarrow.RhetoricalfeaturesStructuralanalysisPartII(Paragraphs2—5):Thebodyofthespeech,inwhichChurchilldrewthelessonstobelearnedfromthepastyear.StructuralanalysisRhetoricalfeaturesStructuralanalysisPartIII(Paragraphs6—8):Theconcludingpart,inwhich,bychangingawordintheadditionalverseoftheschoolsong,Churchillexpressedhisconvictionthattheentirenationwasblessedwiththechancetodisplayitscouragetothefullinwhatwas,asheelsewhereputit,itsfinesthour.RhetoricalFeatures1AsarepresentativepieceoforationbythegreatoratorChurchill,thisspeechwasmadeeloquentandencouragingbyemployingmanyrhetoricaldevices.Withgenerallyshort(inlength)andsimple(instructure)sentences,themessageconveyedbythespeechwashighlightedbyconstantrepetition,e.g.“Never,Never,Never”inthetitle,andstrengthenedbytheuseofantonyms,e.g.“ups/downs”and“short/long”.RhetoricalfeaturesStructuralanalysisPractice:Findmoreexamplesofrepetitionandpairsofantonymsinthespeech.Detailedreading1DetailedreadingNEVERGIVEIN,NEVER,NEVER,NEVERWinstonChurchill1AlmostayearhaspassedsinceIcamedownhereatyourHeadMaster’skindinvitationinordertocheermyselfandcheertheheartsofafewofmyfriendsbysingingsomeofourownsongs.Thetenmonthsthathavepassedhaveseenveryterriblecatastrophiceventsintheworld—upsanddowns,misfortunes—butcananyonesittingherethisafternoon,thisOctoberafternoon,notfeeldeeplythankfulforwhathashappenedinthetimethathaspassedandfortheverygreatimprovementinthepositionofourcountryandofourhome?Why,whenIwasherelasttimewewerequitealone,desperatelyalone,andwehadbeensoforfiveDetailedreading2Detailedreadingorsixmonths.Wewerepoorlyarmed.Wearenotsopoorlyarmedtoday;butthenwewereverypoorlyarmed.Wehadtheunmeasuredmenaceoftheenemyandtheirairattackstillbeatinguponus,andyouyourselveshadhadexperienceofthisattack;andIexpectyouarebeginningtofeelimpatientthattherehasbeenthislonglullwithnothingparticularturningup!2Butwemustlearntobeequallygoodatwhatisshortandsharpandwhatislongandtough.ItisgenerallysaidthattheBritishareoftenbetteratthelast.Theydonotexpecttomovefromcrisistocrisis;theydonotalwaysexpectthateachdaywillbringupsomenoblechanceofwar;butwhentheyveryslowlymakeuptheirmindsthatthethinghastobedoneandthejobputthroughandfinished,then,evenifittakesmonths—ifittakesyears—theydoit.Detailedreading3-43AnotherlessonIthinkwemaytake,justthrowingourmindsbacktoourmeetingheretenmonthsagoandnow,isthatappearancesareoftenverydeceptive,andasKiplingwellsays,wemust“…meetwithTriumphandDisaster.Andtreatthosetwoimpostorsjustthesame.”4Youcannottellfromappearanceshowthingswillgo.Sometimesimaginationmakesthingsoutfarworsethantheyare;yetwithoutimaginationnotmuchcanbedone.Thosepeoplewhoareimaginativeseemanymoredangersthanperhapsexist;certainlymanymorewillhappen;butt