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Lecture2PropertiesofanEffectiveParagraph1.PropertiesofagoodparagraphAneffectiveparagraphmustbeunified,coherent,andadequatelywell-developed.Inotherwords,thepropertiesthatindicatesoundinternalstructureofaparagraphareunity,coherence,andcompleteness.2.ParagraphunityandcoherenceAneffectiveparagraphnotonlyachievesunity,butalsocoherence.Bothareindispensable.Whileunityisconcernedwithideasorcontent,coherenceisconcernedwiththeformofexpression.Coherencereferstothesmoothmovingfromonesentencetothenext.Carelessjumpingcanonlycreategaps,leavingthereaderconfused.Ifthesentencesarewellconnected,theparagraphiscoherent.ParagraphUnity1.Whatisparagraphunity?Unitymeans“oneness”,thatistosay,allthesentencesinaparagraphshouldrelatetoasingleidea.Aunifiedparagraphisoneinwhicheverysentenceisdevotedtoproving/explaining/illustratingthecontrollingidea/centralideainthetopicsentence.Allthesentenceswithintheparagraphmustberelatedtothemainpoint.Inshort,unityisstickingtoyoursubject.2.WaystoAchieveUnityAneffectiveparagraphisunified.Aunifiedparagraphdevelopsasingleclearidea;andeverysentenceinitcontributestothecontrollingidea.Toachieveunityyoumustmakeallsentencesinaparagraphrelatetoandsupportthecentralidea.Agoodwayofachievingunityisbymeansofthetopicsentence.Agoodtopicsentenceforcesthewritertosticktoandsustainthepointheistryingtoestablish.1)Beginwithadiscussablepointandexpressitinatopicsentence/giveeachparagraphacontrollingidea;2)Sticktothissinglepointthroughout,thatis,allothersentencesshouldbeaboutthispoint/Makeallsentencesinaparagraphsupportthemainidea;3)Proveordevelopthepoint;don’tmerelyrepeatit;4)Linkyoursentencestomakeyourideaseasytofollow.ParagraphCoherence1.Whatisparagraphcoherence?Coherencemeans“stickingtogether;orconnectionandconsistency”;anditisconcernedwiththeorganizationofaparagraph.Tobecoherent,theparagraphmusthaveorderorsequenceandallthesentencesthatcomposeitshouldbelogicallyarrangedandconnectedinexplainingthecontrollingidea.2.Devices/Methods/WaystoAchieveCoherenceToensurethesmoothflowofideaswithinaparagraph,youcanusepronouns,repeatkeywordsorphrases,avoidpronounshifts,andresorttotransitionalsignals.Thesearethemostcommonlyusedconnectingdevices;sometimestheremaybeseveraldevicesusedtoachievecoherenceinaparagraph.1)Arrangingsentencesinaclearorder2)Usingcorrectpronouns3)Repeatingkeynounsandkeywordgroups4)AvoidingPronounShifts5)UsingTransitionalSignals6)Usingparallelstructures7)UsingsynonymsorlexicalcollocationTransitionalWordsorConnectors1.Toaddideastogether/additiontransitionsand,also,besides,furthermore,inaddition,moreover,too,first,second,finally…2.Toshowemphasisandclarity/emphasistransitionsaboveall,afterall,infact,particularly,obviously,certainly,surely,undoubtedly,nodoubt.3.Toshowsimilarity/comparisontransitionslike,likewise,inthesamemanner,inthesameway,similarly,equallyimportant,also,too,incomparison.4.Toshowcontrast/contrasttransitionsalthough,but,however,incontrast,inspiteof,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,unlike,whereas,while,yet,instead,rather,nevertheless,still.5.Toexpresscauseandeffectrelationship/cause-effecttransitionsas,because,dueto,for,forthisreason,nowthat,since,owingto;asaresult(consequence),accordingly,consequently,therefore,thushence.6.Topointoutexamples/illustrationforexample,forinstance,toillustrate,suchas,asanexample,inparticular,specifically.7.Toindicatetime/timetransitionsfirst,second,meanwhile,intime,later,during,now,eventually,attimes,before,after,afterthat,afterward,fromthenon,immediately,shortly,former…latter,later,meanwhile,next,soon,now,then,until,while,earlier,last,finally,eventually.8.Toindicatespace/spacetransitionsHere,there,ontheoppositeside,to/at/on/intheright,into,to/on/inthesouth,southern,infront,inthemiddle,attheback,attheendof,beyond,outside,above,inside,below,across,within,up,down,near,far,nextto,between,among.9.Todrawaconclusion,aninference,orasummary/summationtransitionallinall,inaword,onthewhole,inconclusion,inbrief,inshort,insum,insummary,toconclude,tosummarize,tosumup,therefore.Transitionisnotsomethingyoushouldworryaboutintheprewritingstageandinthewritingoftheroughdraft.Youcanconsideritwhenyouarerevisingyourwriting.After-ClassAssignments1.Doexercise7onPage12;2.Doexercise8onPage12;3.WriteacompositionQuestion:Whenweenteredprimaryschool,westartedtoworkhardinthehopeofpassingtheexaminations.Thereisnodoubtthatexaminationshavebecomepartofstudents’lives.Asitissoimportantforus,wehavetotakeacorrectattitudetowardsexaminations.So,areexaminationsharmfuloruseful?AlternativeQuestions•1.Whatisonemajoradvantageordisadvantageofexaminations?•2.Theimportanceofexaminations.•3.Whatisyouropiniononexaminations?BrainstormingAdvantages:1.Ausefulandconvenientmethodoftestingthestudents’knowledge2.Helpstudentstochecktheirweakpoints3.HelpteachersadjusttheirteachingplanDisadvantages1.Alotofpressureforstudents2.Examscan’taccuratelytestthestudent’sknowledge.3.Examsystemhassomeproblems.