Introduction-to-critical-thinking(批判性思维介绍)

Module1:IntroductiontoCriticalThinkingQuestion?WhydoYOUstudyforaDegree?DoYouAgreeWithThisStatement?“SomepeoplestudyalltheirlifeandattheirdeaththeyhavelearnedeverythingexcepttoTHINK”–FrancoisDomergueWhy?DoYouAgree?WhyisImaginationsoImportant?INeedinputfromyou!WhydoesUNITARhavethiscourse?TohelpyouimproveyourThinkingSkillsHOWTOTHINK!Module1:IntroductiontoCriticalThinking1.WhatisThinking?6.BarrierstoCriticalThinking2.TypesofThinking4.CriticalThinkingStandards5.BenefitsofCriticalThinking7.CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinker3.WhatisCriticalThinking?1.1WhatisThinking?Whydoesn’tSHElikeme?Whydoesn’tHElikeme?Asyoustartaskingquestionsandseekanswers,youareinfactthinking.1.1WhatisThinking?Thinkingisapurposeful,organizedcognitiveprocessthatweusetomakesenseofourworld.1.2TypesofThinkingProblemSolvingDecisionMakingCriticalThinking•Analyzing•Evaluating•ReasoningNewIdeasCreativeThinkingRightLeft1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?WARNING:THISMANISNOTTHINKINGCRITICALLY!!Source:(2)“Criticalthinkingconsistsofamentalprocessofanalyzingorevaluatinginformation,particularlystatementsorpropositionsthatpeoplehaveofferedastrue.Itformsaprocessofreflectinguponthemeaningofstatements,examiningtheofferedevidenceandreasoning,andformingjudgmentsaboutthefacts.”–Wikipedia“Criticalthinkingistheintellectuallydisciplinedprocessofactivelyandskillfullyconceptualizing,applying,analyzing,synthesizing,and/orevaluatinginformationgatheredfrom,orgeneratedby,observation,experience,reflection,reasoning,orcommunication,asaguidetobeliefandaction.“-MichaelScriven&RichardPaulMoreDefinitions…1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(3)CriticalThinkingisthegeneraltermgiventoawiderangeofcognitiveandintellectualskillsneededto:Effectivelyidentify,analyze,andevaluatearguments.Discoverandovercomepersonalprejudicesandbiases.Formulateandpresentconvincingreasonsinsupportofconclusions.Makereasonable,intelligentdecisionsaboutwhattobelieveandwhattodo.1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(4)ProblemSolvingDecisionMakingCriticalThinking•Analyzing•Evaluating•ReasoningRightLeftDon’tneedtomemorizedefinitions!Justunderstandandpracticethecorecriticalthinkingskillsemphasizedinthiscourse.1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(5)CRITICALTHINKINGSKILLSAnalyzingReasoningEvaluatingDecisionMakingProblemSolving1.4CriticalThinkingStandards(CTS)Themostsignificantcritical(intellectual)thinkingstandards:ClarityAccuracyPrecisionRelevanceDepthBreadthLogicFairness1.4CTS-ClarityCouldyouelaboratefurtheronthatpoint?Couldyouexpressthatpointinanotherway?Couldyougivemeanillustration?Couldyougivemeanexample?ClarityisthegatewaystandardHelpyouIcan,yes.1.4CTS–AccuracyIsthatreallytrue?Howcouldwecheckthat?Howcouldwefindoutifthatistrue?Thischickenweighsover300pounds.AstatementcanbeclearbutnotaccuratePowerfulyouhavebecome,thedarksideIsenseinyou.1.4CTS–PrecisionCouldyougivemoredetails?Couldyoubemorespecific?Astatementcanbebothclearandaccurate,butnotpreciseSizemattersnot.YaoMingisTALL!1.4CTS–RelevanceHowisthatconnectedtothequestion?Howdoesthatbearontheissue?Istudiedhardallsemester,thereforeIshouldgetA+.Astatementcanbeclear,accurate,andprecise,butnotrelevanttothequestionatissue.Youmustunlearnwhatyouhavelearned.1.4CTS–DepthHowdoesyouransweraddressthecomplexitiesinthequestion?Howareyoutakingintoaccounttheproblemsinthequestion?Isthatdealingwiththemostsignificantfactors?Gravedangeryouarein.Impatientyouare.Astatementcanbeclear,accurate,precise,andrelevant,butsuperficial.1.4CTS–BreadthDoweneedtoconsideranotherpointofview?Isthereanotherwaytolookatthisquestion?Whatwouldthislooklikefromaconservativestandpoint?Whatwouldthislooklikefromthepointofviewof...?Thatiswhyyoufail.Alineofreasoningmaybeclear,accurate,precise,relevant,anddeep,butlackbreadth.Headache!!!Yougot0marksfor“Participation”,becauseyoudidn’tparticipateintheclassdiscussionatall.1.4CTS–LogicDoesthisreallymakesense?Doesthatfollowfromwhatyousaid?Howdoesthatfollow?Butbeforeyouimpliedthisandnowyouaresayingthat;howcanbothbetrue?Supermanseesthroughanything.Supermanseesthroughwalls.SupermanseesthroughYou.Whenthecombinationofthoughtsaremutuallysupportingandmakesenseincombination,thethinkingislogical.“Maytheforcebewithyou.1.4CTS–FairnessCriticalthinkingdemandsthatourthinkingbefair.Open-mindedImpartialFreeofdistortingbiasesandpreconceptionsDifficulttoachieve,butyoumusttry!Fair-mindednessisanessentialattributeofaCriticalThinker.1.4CTS–GoodThinkingis…CLEAR……….....ratherthan........UNCLEARACCURATE…....ratherthan…….INACCURATEPRECISE……....ratherthan…….VAGUERELEVANT…….ratherthan…….IRELEVANTCONSISTENT….ratherthan……INCONSISTENTLOGICAL……….ratherthan……ILLOGICALCOMPLETE……ratherthan……INCOMPLETEFAIR…………….ratherthan…....BIASED1.5BenefitsofCriticalThinkingExamples:AcademicPerformanceunderstandtheargumentsandbeliefsofothersCriticallyevaluatingthoseargumentsandbeliefsDevelopanddefendone'sownwell-supportedargumentsandbeliefs.WorkplaceHelpsustoreflectandgetadeeperunderstandingofourownandothers’decisionsEncourageopen-mindednesstochangeAidusinbeingmoreanalyticalinso