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1Lexicography1)Lexicographyprovidesatitsbestajoyfulsenseofbusynesswithlanguage2)Oneisimmersedinthedetailsoflanguageasinnootherfield.3)Sometimesthedetailsaresooverwhelmingandendlesstheysapthespiritanddepressthemind4)Oftenattheendofahardday’sworkonerealizeswithdismaythatthemeagerstackoffinishedworkonehasaccomplishedhasanimmeasurablyslightimpactontheworkasawhole5)AsIhopethereadersofthisworkwillcometounderstanddictionariesdonotsprintintobeing6)Peoplemustplanthemcollectinformationandwritethem.7)Writingtakestimeanditisoftenfrustratingandeveninfuriating.8)Nootherformofwritingisatoncesoquixoticandsointenselypractical.9)Dictionarymakingdoesnotrequirebrillianceororiginalityofmind.10)Itdoesrequirehighintelligencemasteryofthecraftanddedicationtohardwork.11)Ifonehasproducedadictionaryonehasthesatisfactionofhavingproducedaworkofenduringvalue.2.Pollution1)Pollutionisaproblembecausemaninanincreasinglypopulatedandindustrializedworldisupsettingtheenvironmentinwhichhelives.2)Manyscientistsmaintainthatoneofman’sgreatesterrorshasbeentoequategrowthwithadvancement.3)Now“growth”industriesarebeinglookedonwithsuspicionincasetheirsideeffectsdamagetheenvironmentanddisrupttherelationshipofdifferentformsoflife.4)Thegrowingpopulationmakesincreasingdemandsontheworld’sfixedsupplyofairwaterandland.5)Thisriseinpopulationisaccompaniedbythedesireofmoreandmorepeopleforabetterstandardofliving,inaneverincreasingamountofwastematerialtobedisposedof.6)Theproblemhasbeencausingincreasingconcerntolivingthingsandtheirenvironment.7)Manybelievethatmanisnotsolvingtheseproblemsquicklyenoughandthathisselfishpursuitofpossessionstakeshimpastthepointofnoreturnbeforehefullyappreciatesthedamage.1参考译文词典编纂的绝妙之处是给人一种与语言打交道的快乐感。不像其他领域，编词典的人整天都钻在语言材料中。有时碰到的语言材料浩如烟海，令人耗神。往往一天辛苦工作下来，发觉所完成的薄薄几页草稿只是全部工作的九牛一毛，好不沮丧。正如我希望这部著作的读者会逐渐明白的那样，词典并非是一蹴而就的。必须先制定计划，收集材料，然后方能编写。编写词典不仅耗费时间，而且常让人受挫，甚至恼怒。没有其他的写作像编纂词典那样，既要有空想又要脚踏实地。词典编纂并不需要横渡的才华或独创的思维，但却要求很高的智力，对词典编纂的精通，和甘于吃苦的精神。一个人编写出一部词典，就会因它的长久价值而得到一份快慰。2参考译文污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。现在人们以怀疑的态度看待“发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。伴随着人口增长的是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。许多人认为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种兵贵神速。3.IntelligentTest1)Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobytheterm“intelligence”thanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.2)Butitisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadilymakedistinctionsreasonlogicallyandmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.3)Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’scapacityforlearningparticularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.4)Itdoesnotmeasurecharactersocialadjustmentphysicalendurancemanualskillsorartisticabilities.5)Itisnotsupposedto--itwasnotdesignedforsuchpurposes.6)Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.7)Nowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthescalewithwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa“valid”or“fair”comparison.3参考译文人们对智力所指的有那些不同表现看法比较一致，而对这些表现如何进行解释和分类，意见就不那么一致了。但人们一般认为智力高的人在处理问题时能抓住要点，善于区分，能进行逻辑推理，和利用语言和数学符号。智力测试只能很粗地衡量孩子的学习能力，尤其是学习学校要求的东西的能力。智力测试并不能衡量一个人的个性，社会适应力，耐力性，劳动技能，或艺术才能。人们不认为能做到这些，当初也不是为这些目的设计的。批评智力测试不能做到这一些，就如同批评温度计不能测风速一样。既然对智力的评估是相对而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对像进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比较。4.Bureaucracy1)Mostironicwastheimageofgovernmentthatwasbornoftheseexperiences.2)Asanyscholarlytreatiseonthesubjectwilltellyouthegreatadvantagebureaucracyissupposedtoofferacomplexmodernsocietylikeoursisefficientrationaluniformandcourteoustreatmentforthecitizensitdealswith.3)YetnotonlydidthesequalitiesnotcomethroughtothepeopleItalkedwithitwastheirveryoppositesthatseemedmorecharacteristic.4)Peopleofallclasses—therichmandealingwiththeInternalRevenueServiceaswillasthepoorwomanstrugglingwiththewelfaredepartment—feltthetreatmenttheyhadreceivedhadbeenbunglednotefficient;unpredictablenotrational;discriminatorynotuniform;andalltooofteninsensitiveratherthancourteous.5)Itwasasiftheyhadboughtabignewcarthatnotonlydidnotrunwhentheywantedittobutperiodicallyrevveditselfupanddroveallaroundtheiryards.4参考译文这些经给人们的政府形象是最有讽刺意味的。任何一篇论述这个问题的学术论文都会说，对一个像我们这样复杂的现代化社会，官僚机构应当提供的一大优点是在和公民打交道时表现出富有效率，合乎情理，公平一致和文明礼貌的办事方法。但是，和我谈过话的人并没有感觉到这些品质，倒是恰恰相反的情况似乎更具有代表性。各阶层的人，从与税收部门打交道的富人到与福利部门交涉的可怜的妇人，都觉得他们受到的对待是糟糕的，而不是有效的，是捉摸不定的，而不是合情合理的是带有歧视的，而不是公平的，而且经常是冷漠的，而不是礼貌的。就像是买了一辆新的大轿车，不仅要它走的时候不走，面貌而且不时会自行加速，在院子里到处乱跑。5.ProblemwithEducationalSystem1)Thereare39universitiesandcollegesofferingdegreecoursesinGeographybutIhaveneverseenanygoodjobsforGeographygraduatesadvertised.2)OramIaloneinsuspectingthattheywillreturntoteachGeographytoanothersetofstudentswhointurnwillteachmoreGeographyundergraduates?3)OnlytenuniversitiescurrentlyofferdegreecoursesinAeronauticalEngineeringwhichperhapsisjustaswellinviewofthespeedwithwhichtheaircraftindustryhasbeendispensingwithexcesspersonnel.4)Ontheotherhandhospitalcasualtydepartmentsthroughoutthecountryarehavingtoclosedownbecauseofthelac