NewWords&Expressions:animationn.动画implyv.暗指,暗示visuala.视觉的scenen.场景,情景translationn.平移rotationn.旋转variationn.变化transparencyn.透明性surfacetexture表面纹理automobilen.〈主美〉汽车enginen.引擎orientationn.方向,方位,定位focallength焦距lightingeffectn.光照效果illuminationn.照明renderingn.着色,绘画storyboardn.剧本layoutn.布置,版面安排key-frame关键帧in-betweenframesn.插值帧frame-by-framea.逐帧的consecutivelyadv.连续地,连贯的13.4ComputerAnimation13.4ComputerAnimationSometypicalapplicationsofcomputer-generatedanimationareentertainment(motionpicturesandcartoons),advertising,scientificandengineeringstudies,andtrainingandeducation.Althoughwetendtothinkofanimationasimplyingobjectmotions,thetermcomputeranimationgenerallyreferstoanytimesequenceofvisualchangesinascene.Inadditiontochangingobjectpositionwithtranslationsorrotations,acomputer-generatedanimationcoulddisplaytimevariationsinobjectsize,color,transparency,orsurfacetexture.计算机生成动画的代表性应用有娱乐(电影和卡通片)、广告、科学和工程研究以及培训和教学。尽管我们在考虑动画时暗指对象的移动,但术语“计算机动画”通常指场景中任何随时间而发生的视觉变化。除了通过平移、旋转来改变对象的位置外,计算机生成的动画还可以随时间进展而改变对象大小、颜色、透明性和表面纹理等。13.4ComputerAnimationDesignofAnimationSequencesIngeneral,asequenceisdesignedwiththefollowingsteps:·Storyboardlayout·Objectdefinitions·Key-framespecifications·Generationofin-betweenframes动画序列的设计通常,一个动画序列按照以下几步进行设计:故事情节拆分对象定义关键帧描述插值帧的生成13.4ComputerAnimationDesignofAnimationSequencesThestoryboardisanoutlineoftheaction.Itdefinesthemotionsequenceasasetofbasiceventsthataretotakeplace.Dependingonthetypeofanimationtobeproduced,thestoryboardcouldconsistofasetofroughsketchesoritcouldbealistofthebasicideasforthemotion.剧本是动作的轮廓。它将动画序列定义为一组要发生的基本事件。依赖于要生成的动画类型,剧本可能包含一组粗略的草图或运动的一系列基本思路。13.4ComputerAnimationDesignofAnimationSequencesAkeyframeisadetaileddrawingofthesceneatacertaintimeintheanimationsequence.Withineachkeyframe,eachobjectispositionedaccordingtothetimeforthatframe.Somekeyframesarechosenatextremepositionsintheaction;othersarespacedsothatthetimeintervalbetweenkeyframesisnottoogreat.Morekeyframesarespecifiedforintricatemotionsthanforsimple,slowlyvaryingmotions.一个关键帧是动画序列中特定时刻的一个场景的详细图示。在每一个关键帧中,每一个对象的位置依赖于该帧的时刻。选择某些关键帧作为行为的极端位置。另一些则以不太大的时间间隔进行安排。对于复杂的运动,要比简单的缓慢变化运动安排更多的关键帧。13.4ComputerAnimationIn-betweensaretheintermediateframesbetweenthekeyframes.Thenumberofin-betweensneededisdeterminedbythemediatobeusedtodisplaytheanimation.Filmrequires24framespersecond,andgraphicsterminalsarerefreshedattherateof30to60framespersecond.Typically,timeintervalsforthemotionaresetupsothattherearefromthreetofivein-betweensforeachpairofkeyframes.Dependingonthespeedspecifiedforthemotion,somekeyframescanbeduplicated.Fora1-minutefilmsequencewithnoduplication,wewouldneed1440frames.Withfivein-betweensforeachpairofkeyframes,wewouldneed288keyframes.Ifthemotionisnottoocomplicated,wecouldspacethekeyframesalittlefartherapart.插值帧是关键帧之间过渡的帧。插值帧的数量取决于用来显示动画的介质。电影胶片要求每秒24帧,而图形终端按每秒30到60帧来刷新。一般情况下,运动的时间间隔设定为每一对关键帧之间有3~5个插值帧。依赖于为运动指定的速度,有些关键帧可重复使用。一分钟没有重复的电影胶片需要1440帧。如果每两个关键帧之间有5个插值帧,则需要288幅关键帧。如果运动并不是很复杂,我们可以将关键帧安排得稀一点。13.4ComputerAnimationGeneralComputer-AnimationFunctionsSomestepsinthedevelopmentofananimationsequencearewellsuitedtocomputersolution,Theseincludeobjectmanipulationsandrendering,cameramotions,andthegenerationofin-betweens.Animationpackages,suchasWave-front,forexample,providespecialfunctionsfordesigningtheanimationandprocessingindividualobjects.Anothertypicalfunctionsimulatescameramovements.Standardmotionsarezooming,panning,andtilting.Finally,giventhespecificationforthekeyframes,thein-betweenscanbeautomaticallygenerated.通用计算机动画功能开发动画序列中的某几步工作很适合计算机进行处理。其中包括对象管理和绘制、照相机运动和生成插值帧。动画软件包,如Wavefront,提供了设计动画和处理单个对象的专门功能。另一种典型功能是模拟照相机的运动,标准的运动有拉镜头、摇镜头和倾斜。最后,给出对关键帧的描述,然后自动生成插值帧。一、个人简历个人简历(resume/curriculumvitae)是升学、求职过程中的重要文件。英文个人简历的格式比较固定,一般应包括个人信息、联系地址、求职愿望、学历、工作经历、证明人等部分,也可以根据具体情况,适当增加有关条目。内容的安排要求清晰易读、层次分明,学历和工作经历一般可从最近开始,逐渐向后追述。从语言方面来看,个人简历多以名词词组为主,也可以使用动词词组,但是要求结构整齐对称。以下是某位学生的个人简历,他申请的工作职位是某计算机公司的售后服务技术员。一般来说,他还需另外撰写一份求职信,介绍一下本人的基本情况、特长及对该公司业务的熟悉程度,同时重申个人的工作愿望,并提出面试请求。求职英语简介一、个人简历ResumePersonaldetailsName:LiJianAge:20DateofBirth:May21,1981MaritalStatus:singleAddress:36YanshanStreet,Jinan,Shandong250014,P.R.ChinaTel:0531-8937777E-mail:lijian@hotmail.comPositionappliedforAfter-saleServiceTechnician求职英语简介一、个人简历Education:September1995topresentShandongInstituteofElectronicTechnology,MajorinAppliedComputingwithspecialinterestinnetworking&websiteimplementation.Coursestaken:CProgramming,SoftwareEngineering,VisualFoxpro,MicrosfotOffice,DataStructuresinC,EnglishforComputing,ComputerNetworks,InternetApplication,etc.September1992toJuly1995JinanNo.14MiddleSchool,Jinan,Shandong.Monitorofclass,outstandinginmath&physics.求职英语简介一、个人简历Workexperience:Summer1998Company:ABCComputerCorp.Post:SalesPromotionResponsibility:organizingproductexhibitiontours&marketsurvey.Summer1997Company:HopeCo.,LtdPost:SystemIntegrationResponsibility:assemblingPCsaccordingtocustomerrequirements;fixinghardwareproblems;on-the-spotinstallation&testing.Summer,1996Company:EastsoftCo.,LtdPost:ReceptionResponsibility:understandingcustomerneeds;explainingEastsoftproducts&services;highlightingEast