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英语国家社会与文化入门练习Book1ExerciseOne（Book1Unit1）1.TheAnglo-SaxonsbegantosettleinBritaininthefifthcentury.2.KingArthurwaslegendaryherosupposedtohavefoughtagainsttheSaxons.3.TheRomansinvadedBritainin43,andtheonlyareatheydidnotsubduethereinwasScotland.4.ThemostimportantpartoftheUKinwealthisEngland.5.Celtswereironworkers,practicedfarmersandtheydrainedmuchofthemarshlandsandbuilthouses.Buttheydidn'tspeakAngloSanxonEnglish.Theyhavetheirownlanguage.6.TherealRomanconquestofBritainbeganin43AD.7.TheEnglisharemainlydecendantsofAnglo-Sanxon.8.AlfredwasthenationalheroduringthefightingagainstDanes.9.EnglishChannelseparateGreatBritainfromtherestoftheEurope.10.WilliamwascrownedKingofEnglandontheChristmasDayof1066.11.ThepopulationoftheUKconsistoftheEnglish,theWelsh,theScottishandtheIrish.12.William,DukeofNormandy,isnowknownasWilliamtheConqueror.13.ScotlandoccupiesthenorthernportionofGreatBritain.14.EdinburghisthecapitalofScotland.15.CaelicismainlyspokeninScotland.16.In14thcentury,WaleswaseffectivelyunitedwithEngland.ExerciseTwo（Book1Unit3）1.IntheEnglishCivilWar,the“Roundhead”supportedOliverCromwell,whilethe“cavalier”supportedCharlesI.2.ParliamentinBritain,strictlyspeaking,consistsofthreeelements:TheQueen(TheSovereign),theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.3.TheHouseofCommonsisthesourceofrealpoliticalpowerintheUnitedKingdom.4.TheGreatCharter(MagnaCarta)wassignedbyKingJohnin1215.5.ThespiritoftheMagnaCartawasthelimitationofthepowersoftheking.6.Jameslclungtothetheoryofthe“DivineRightofKings”.7.ThePrimeMinisterofBritainwasappointedbyQueen.8.TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandisreignedoverbytheMonarch,butruledbythegovernment.9.TherealpoweroftheHouseofLordsliesindiscussingbills.ExerciseThree（Book1Unit4）1.Ageneralelectionisheldnormallyevery5yearsinthe650consituenciesofBrirain.（p50）2.WiththehelpofDECC,theUKLowCarbonTransitionPlanwaspublishedbytheUKgoverment.（p56）3.ThemajorityoftheworkinglordsintheHouseofLordsarelifepeers,whoearnedtheirtitlesthroughtheiroutstandingachievement.（p58）4.BytheHouseofCommonsisa“voteofnoconfidence”decided.（p50）5.Inthegeneralelection,anMPcandidatemustdeposit500pounds,whichisreturnedifheorshereceives5%ormoreofthevotecast.（p50）6.TheLabourPartyistheprimaryoppositiontotheConservatives.（p52）7.Mrs.MargaretThatcher,aConservativePartyleaderin1980s,believedPrivatization;thekeepingoflawandorder;self-reliance.Exceptthestrengtheningofthetradeunions.8.MargaretThatchercarriedouttheeconomicpolicyofprivatizationtorevitalizeBritisheconomyinthe1980s.9.PoliticalchangeinEnglandcamemainlythroughgradualreform.ExerciseFour（Book1Unit11）1.Asfarasthereligionisconcerned,peopleinNorthernIrelandwhoareloyaltotheBritishgovermentaremainlyProtestants,whilepeopleintheRepublicofIrelandaremainlyCatholics.2.Celts'languagesurvivedthroughhistoryandIrishisthefirstofficiallanguageoftheRepublicofIreland.3.ChristianitywasbroughttoIrelandbySaintPatrickinthe5thcentury.4.In1800,Irishparliamentwasvotedoutofexistence.TheActofUnionwassigned,andIrelandwasofficiallyapartofBrirain.5.In1870,aconstitutionalmovementseekingHomeRulewasinstitutedupbyIsacButt.6.TheancestorsoftheIrisharetheCelts.7.TheCelticinvaderscametoIrelandinthe6thcentury.8.Celtsboughtalegalsystem-theBrehonlaw,totheislandofIreland.9.TheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914.10.Thepoliticalparty,SinnFein,wasdevelopedbyArthurGriffith.11.UndertheCelticBrehonlaw,womenweregivenmorerightsinIrelandthanintheBritishcolonialperiod.Book1Unit151.ThefirstgroupofEnglishwerebroughtinAustraliaasconvictsin1788bytheFirstFleet.2.TheDreamingistheoldestreligiononAustralia.3.Platypus,kangarooandkoalaareuniquetotheAustraliacontinent.4.AustraliawasessentiallyunknownintheWestuntilthe17thcentry.5.TheDreamingisthemostenduringreligioninAustraliatoday.（p246）6.Thefirstindustriesthatweredevelopedafterthesettlementwerethesealingindustries.7.TheoriginalnativesofAustraliaaretheAborigines.8.Underthepolicyofassimilation,childrenweretakenawayfromtheirparentstobeplacedinchurch-runinstitutionsandthemissionariesonthe“protectedreserves”.Book1Unit161.AnglicanismisoneofthemanyformsofProtestantism.（p258）2.LevelsofsportsinAustraliaarehighparticularlyinbothwatersportsandteamsports.3.Buddhism,Islam,HinduismandJudaismarethemajorformsofnon-ChristianreligionsinAustraliaexceptCatholicism.4.ThemostpopularsportinAustraliaisfootball.Book2Exercise5（Unit1）1.Inthenorth,aseriesoflargelakeswereformedbyhugeglaciers.（F）（p3）2.NowmostofNewZealand'sforesthasbeenturnedintogolfcourse.（F）（p4）3.InNewZealand,youcanseealotofKiwi,asymbolofthenation.（F）（p4）4.MostMaoriliveonruralareas.（F）（p8）5.BeforeEuropeanscametoNewZealand,Maorihadhadtheirownwrittenlanguagesandrecordedtheirhistoryinwrittenform.（F）（p10）6.In1642theDutchexplorerThomasCookmadethefirstconfirmedEiropeandiscoveryofNewZealand.（F）（p10）7.NewZealand'shighestpeakisMountCookinthemountainrangecalledthecentralSouthernAlps.（p3）8.NewZealandconsistsoftwomainlands:NorthIslandandSouthIsland.（p3）9.TheSouthernAlps,withMtCookinthecenter,runsalmostthewholelengthoftheSouthIsland.（p3）10.WellingtonisthecapitalofNewZealand.（p4）