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泥石流灾害的调查评价及防治地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室唐川报告提纲一、泥石流问题二、泥石流调查三、泥石流防治四、水力类泥石流泥石流灾害问题Themaindamageduetothedebrisflowsoccurredinthecentralpartoftheirdepositionalfan.Thecatastrophiceventclaimed1434liveswithafurther331listedasmissing.Thesecatastrophicdebrisflowsweretriggeredbyanintenselocalrainstormandledtothedestructionofmorethan5500housesalongtheirflowpaths.ThedebrisflowmoveddownintotheBailongriverandproduceddebris-damsthatpartiallyblockedtheriver,resultinginseverefloodinginZhouquareaAfterfivedays,anartificialspillwaywascompletedtosuccessfullyreleasetheimpoundedwater.Alluvialfanpriortoandafterthedebris-floweventThiscatastrophicfloodeventclaimedthelivesof56people.Morethan5,500residentsathighriskwereforcedtoevacuate.TheYingxiutownwasfloodedDebris-flowdamOriginalriverchannelHongchungullyShaofanggullyaNewlyreconstructedYingxiutownwasfloodedduetothedebrisflowdam.Floodwater-depthwasestimatedat2.5-3.0mandflooddurationlasted7days.Thephotograghyshowshowthefloodwaterwithahighconcentrationofsedimentflowedintothebuildingsandstreetsoftheinnertown文家沟滑坡滑源区韩家大坪Maindeposition(3000x104m3)Deposition(2000x104m3)1300平台Sourcearea280m高的陡坎Source韩家大坪1300平台280mWenjiagoulandslideinducedbytheWebchuanearthquakeThetotalvolumeofthedepositisabout50millionm3。Fromanelevationof2402m,itrapidlyfell883montothemounthofthegullyanddestroyedavillage,resultingin48deaths.Catastrophicdebris-floweventonAugust13,2010inQingpingarea3.3.2泥石流的调查《泥石流灾害防治工程勘查规范》（DZ/T0220—2006）《滑坡崩塌泥石流灾害详细调查规范（1:50000）》（中国地调局2005年）（１）泥石流沟流域调查--查明流域形态特征和流域面积--确定泥石流形成区、流通区和堆积区的范围--流域内泥石流固体物质的性状及分布情况--沟域地形地貌、气象水文、地质构造、地层岩性、地震活动、土地类型、植被覆盖程度（２）泥石流特征调查--综合判别沟域形成泥石流的条件--确定泥石流的类型--调查泥石流形成区的水源类型、水量、汇水条件--地形条件调查--岩层性质及风化程度，断裂、滑坡、崩塌、岩堆等不良地质现象的发育情况及可能形成泥石流固体物质的分布范围、储量（3）泥石流活动历史调查，历次泥石流的发生时间、频数、规模、形成过程、爆发前的降水情况。（4）泥石流危害调查泥石流危害的对象、危害形式，圈定泥石流可能危害的地区，并对其危害程度及趋势进行分析。（5）泥石流的监测预警、工程治理措施、生物治理措施等防治现状及效果，提出防治建议。立体航空照片相似解译标志和数字图像解译，用单时段或多时段数据高精度卫星影像用单观察仪器或立体仪器观测的图像,用单时段或多时段数据激光雷达（LiDAR）获取渲染立体图象,根据地球模型获取单时段或多时段数据.雷达图像单时段数据landslides遥感调查激光雷达的立体地形（LiDARshadedrelief）--森林覆盖区的滑坡解译--大型复杂滑坡特征解译。--滑坡活动机制重建GLENN,N.F.,STREUTKER,D.R.,CHADWICK,D.J.,THACKRAY,G.D.ANDDORSCH,S.J.2006.AnalysisofLiDAR-derivedtopographicinformationforcharacterizinganddifferentiatinglandslidemorphologyandactivity.Geomorphology73,131–148不同精度的遥感图像A-Aerial-photo,1:62,000,13-Jan-1956,300dpi(size25%)B-LandsatTM,30m,15-Jan-1985E-SpotPAN,10m,28-Dec-1994F-Aerial-photo,1:37,000,16-Feb-1972,300dpi(size25%)G-Aerial-photo,1:25,000,02-Feb-2000,300dpi(size25%)C-LandsatETM,15m,08-Mar-2001D-ASTERVNIR,15m,14-Feb-2002ACBDEFGH-QuickBird,70cm,16-Nov-2005(size25%)Notes:-PhotoAisbeforethelandslide.-Photoandlabelsaregrouped.-InordertocomparebetterallphotosandQuickBirdarereduced25%.NH320m±400m泥石流活动遥感监测遥感调查ImageryshowingthedebrisflowdevelopmentintheinitiationareaoftheSanyangyubasinbycomparisonofimagerypriortoandaftertherainstormevent(a:WorldviewimagetakenonMay16,2010priortotheevent;b:QuickbirdimagetakenonAugust15,2010aftertheevent).Thecomparisonshowedsignificantchangesinthechannelsinthedebrisflowinitiationareaatanelevationover2,400masl.Initiationsitesweremarkedbyfreshscouringwithinornearanephemeralchannel.Theinitiationofdebrisflowsstartedwithsignificantupstreamchannelerosionandtransportofhighlyweatheredsedimentafterthesurfacerunoffwasconcentratedintheseverysteepchannels.Themobilizedchannel-bedmaterialcontinuallyscouredandentrainedadditionaldebrisandprogressivelyincreasedthesolidconcentrationoftheflowtransformingitintoadebrisflow.ZhouqucityGeomorphologicalsketchmapoftheSanyangyuandLuojiayucatchmentsbasedonfieldinvestigationscombinedwiththeinterpretationofaQuickbirdimagetakenonAugust15,2010(immediatelyaftertheZhouqudebrisflowsoccurrence).Atleastfivenaturalrockfilldamsthatwereproducedbythe1879strongearthquakeorrockfallswereidentifiedduringfieldinvestigationsalongtheSanyanyutorrent.abNaturalrockfilldamNaturalrockfilldamImageryshowingerosivefeaturesofthedebrisflowchannel.Thebreachingofasignificantnaturalrockfilldamresultedinintensivechannelerosionandaninstantincreaseintheflowdischarge.Sevencheckdamshadbeenconstructedasstonemasonrystructuressince1997.ComparisonoftheimageriespriortoandaftertheeventshowingthatfourpreviousdebrisflowcontrolstructuresweredestroyedintheSanyangyutorrent.Fieldreconnaissanceindicatedthatthedebrisflowalsoincorporated10-15%ofallmaterialsstoredbehindthecheckdamsintotheflowduetothedamfailure.DepositionalcharacteristicsofthedebrisflowsAlluvialfanpriortoandafterthedebrisflowevent.ZhouqucitywaslocatedonanalluvialfanwithseveredamagedduringtheAugust2010event.构造提取岩性识别灾害解译SPOT5滑坡泥石流遥感调查实例—云南滇西北图中滑坡呈簸箕形和舌形，形态明显，边界可见滑坡壁，h30内部凹凸不平，滑坡产生不久，坡h19内部滑坡台阶清晰可见，有耕地，为古滑坡（1）滑坡解译—SPOT5遥感图像上滑坡影像特征图中h30和h19滑坡相对与二维遥感图像，其形态更加明显，更加逼近真实地质地貌现象，而h17滑坡，其平面形态难以断定性质，但三维模型模拟技术则可以很好的表现其细节信息，更加符合视觉效应（1）滑坡解译—遥感图像三维模型（2）崩塌解译—SPOT5遥感图像上崩塌影像特征（3）泥石流解译—SPOT5遥感图像上泥石流影象特征泥石流特点是汇水面积大,山坡较陡,有崩塌发育,地表岩土裸露程度大,植被覆盖稀少；下游泥石流洪积扇明显,其表面有耕地和村庄,扇缘有公路通过。（3）泥石流解译—遥感图像三维模型滑坡群遥感影像特征黄栗村古滑坡,边界明显,植被覆盖少黄栗村古滑坡实地照片（3）泥石流解译—泥石流流域范围确定该泥石流扇形明显，上游河道宽且弯曲，下游河道直，流通区植被覆盖好，冲积扇上为村庄和耕地，扇面上有小路通过，沟口处新鲜洪积物少。该泥石流汇水面积大，山坡较陡，植被覆盖密实，上游河道较宽，