manhattan Gmat SC

Chapter13C‘sstrategyG:3C’sstrategy:1.Correctness-----正确性—grammaradheretotherulesofS.W.E-（standardwritingenglish）-2.Concision------简洁性---brevity–用词简短3.Clarity---intelligibility清楚---句子意思明显和无模棱两可。Correctness:AcloserlookMajorgrammaticalissues:(1)Subject-verbagreement(2)Verbtense(3)Voice(4)Mood(5)Pronouns(6)Modifiers(7)Parallelism(8)Comparisons(9)IdiomsConcision:AcloserlookWhenstuckbetweentwogrammaticallycorrectanswerchoices,choosetheshorterone.1.能用一个词代替不用多个词V.adj.抽象n.动名词主动被动DifferhavedifferenceIdealizeidealTrymakeanattempt2.Avoidredundancy---wordyCanyoufindandlocatethewordsinthissentencethatareredundant?用词重复：---不简洁，不同的词表示同一意思Being总是不简洁的信号---being必错1.annualayear2.raise,rise，increase，grow3.around,orbit4.bynameof;beknownas5.with;included6.attempttodo;trytodo7.decline;down,fall,drop,decrease8.rarely,ever9.same,exact10.sum,total11.before和when不能连用在同一个句子中12.academic与inschool不能在同一句中出现13.possible,may14.now和currently12.Clarity:Acloserlook通常原句子第一遍读应该是清晰的，选项把原文变得不清晰如果选项改变了原文含义，这个选项不是正确答案。改变原文含义的选项错在：(1)wordplacement(2)knownVS.unknown(3)multiplemeanings(4)“suchas”vs.“like”----Clarityofmeaning:wordplacement变换一个词的位置会改变整个句子的含义。（1）Only和all的修饰位置不能随意改变（原文修饰谁，选项应该还修饰谁）（2）修饰词的位置不能随意改变----Clarityofmeaning:knowvs.unknownAsentencethatexpressescertaintyaboutanoutcomeshouldnotbechangedtoexpressuncertaintyaboutthatoutcome(andviceversa反之亦然).（1）原文和选项应该保持一致的态度：原文表达一个确定的结果-选项也应该表达一个确定的结果原文（certainoutcome）-选项（certainoutcome）原文表达一个不确定或者可能的结果-选项也应该表达一个不确定或者可能的结果原文（uncertainoutcome）-选项（uncertainoutcome）原文（假设）-选项（假设）原文（事实）-选项（事实）原文（asif/though）-选项（asif/though）原文（asif/though）-选项（没有asif/though）原文（certainoutcome）--选项（uncertainoutcome）原文（假设）--选项（事实）（2）情态动词不能随意添加和改变Must不能用should代替Will不能用may代替原文情态动词不能改变.原文没有asif（though）,选项不能有asif(though)当不确定的情态动词出现在选项中，一定要检查原文是否有不确定地含义原文。不确定的情态动词：may,might,should,ought,would,can,could,asif----Clarityofmeaning:wordswithmultiplemeanings避免使用含义很多的词light（轻，淡色）如果一个词不能从原文中确定含义，那么选项中选择提供一个能确定固定含义。----Clarityofmeaning:“suchas”vs.”like”Suchas,表示举例Like,象，相似表示举例用suchas不用likeChapter2Subject-verbagreement主谓一致Tofindthesimplesubject,eliminateanymodifiers—找到主语，去掉任何修饰语.Gmat主谓一致是最主要的考点。EliminatetheMiddlemanThemostcommonwaytheGmatconfusesthenumberofthesubjectistosplitupthesubjectandtheverbbyinsertingaphraseinbetween,必须学会排除theinsertingphrase---themiddleman–sothatthetruesubjectbecomesclear.Middleman:(1)ofifyoucanremoveaphrasefromthesentence,andthesentencestillmakesense,thephraseislikelya“middleman”(2)andvs.additivephrase(附加短语)-----Anadditivephraseisjustanother“middleman”Additivephrase不影响主语的数的变化不构成复合主语的词：alongwith/inadditionto/aswellas/accompaniedby/togetherwith/including@仅仅And变化谓语复数形式；单数主语和附属短语作主语不影响谓语的数的形式。Remember:onlythewordANDcanchangeasingularsubjectintoapluralone.Singularsubjectsfollowedbyadditivephrasesremainsingularsubjects.(3)谓语动词随后的原则（与verb最近的主语保持人称和数的一致）Either…or../neither...norCollectiveNounsaresingular集体名词作主语谓语动词用单数Todeterminesubjectverbagreement,youmustfirstdecidewhetherthesubjectidsingularorplural.确定主谓一致，首先判断主语的单复数形式。集体名词有：administration,army,audience,class,crowd(一群，一伙)，faculty(全体教员)，orchestra,team,group.ThecrowdIScheeringasthehometeamTakesthefield.Indefinitepronouns:UsuallySingular不定代词通常用单数(1)以-one,-body,-thing结尾的代词作主语，谓语动词用单数SingularpronounsAnyone/anybody/anything/someone/somebody/somethingEveryone/everybody/everythingnoone/nobody/nothingWhatever/whoevereach/everyEither*/neither*Either/neither当与or/nor成对出现的时候，可以使用复数的形式(2)5个不定代词作主语，谓语的形式不确定—ＳＡＮＡＭ,由of的宾语决定主语的单复数形式。Ｓ－someA----anyN-----noneA------allM-----mostTheSANAMpronounsaretheexceptiontothisrule:youshouldlookattheobjectofthe“of”constructiontodeterminethenumberofthesubject.SomeofthemoneyWASstolenfrommywallet.(money是单数)SomeofdocumentsWEREstolenfromthebank.(documentsisplural)(3)“Each“and”every”作主语:谓语动词用单数EverydogHASpaws.Everydogandcathaspaws.Eachoftheseshirtsispretty.Theyeacharegreattennisplayer.(each是同位语)NumericalWordsandPhrases数表示的词和短语(1)Thenumberof-----+verb单数Anumberof--------+verb复数thenumbersof(2)Majority/minority/plurality(多数，较多数)作主语—指整体动词用单数----指整体的每一个个体，谓语动词用复数ThemajorityofthestudentsinthisclassAREhardworkers.Majorityof多数+复数名词+verb复数单数名词+majority+verb单数ThestudentmajorityISopposedtothedeathpenalty.ASubjectphrase:singularagain从句/短语作主语+谓语动词用单数HavinggoodfriendsISawonderfulthing.WhatevertheywanttodoISfinewithme.WhenIndoubt,thinksingular,当主语分辨不清的时候，谓语动词多半用单数Confusingsubjectsaremoreoftensingularthanplural,andthereforetheyusuallyrequiresingularverbforms.总结：谓语动词用复数的时候，主语有以下两种形式：(1)And连接两个主语(2)Anumberof+n谓语动词用单数的时候，主语属于下列情况：(1)单数名词+附属名词additive作主语----verb单数=n1(单数)+additivephrase+n2+verb(单数)6个Additivephrase---alongwith/inadditionto/aswellas/accompaniedby/togetherwith/including(2)集体名词作主语-----verb单数8个集体名词:army/team/crowd/faculty/administration/class/audience/orchestra(3)大部分非限定词（SANAM除外）作主语(4)Each/every在短语前面合成作主语(5)Thenumberof。。。+verb单数(6)分词短语和从句作主语---verb单数Flipit---there在句首，句子倒装thereISayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebusstop.Flipit:ayoungmanandanolderwomanareatthebusstop.thereareayoungmanandanolderwomanatthebusstopChapter3Verbtense,mood,&voicestrategy除了主谓一