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独立主格结构和with/without复合结构一．独立主格结构1.概念:状语有时可以由一个名词或代词和另一成分构成的复合结构担任,称为独立主格结构。2.结构:名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。这一结构在句中可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况。(Ⅰ)名词/代词+分词(过去分词/现在分词)当分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。一般位于句首,也可放在句尾;作伴随状语时,常放在句首。1.Thisproblemsettled,theyleftthemeeting–room.2.Thefilmbeingover,theaudiencewentoutofthehallonebyone.3.Timepermitting,we`llgothereonfoot.4.Hewaslyingonthegrass,hishandscrossedunderhishead.(Ⅱ)名词/代词+(being)形容词1.Hismotherbeingill,hehadtostayhometolookafterher.2.Heenteredthehouse,hisnoseredwithcold.(Ⅲ)名词／代词＋（being)副词1.Themeetingbeingover,ourheadmastersoonleft.2.Heputonhissockswrongsideout.(Ⅳ)名词／代词＋不定式1.Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest__inayear.(2005湖南)A.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowed2.Herearethefirsttwovolumes,thethirdonetocomeout.（Ⅴ）名词／代词＋介词短语在这一结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是但数名词，这些名词前习惯不用冠词。1.Ourteachercameintotheclassroom,bookinhand.2.Flagonshoulder,thesoldierrushedtothetopofthemountain.(Ⅵ)有些独立主格结构中没有分词，仅在名词或代词之后直接跟作表语或状语的词或词组，省去的分词一般是being或havingbeen，这是为了简练。但在“being+过去分词”或“therebeing＋过去分词”结构中，being不可省。1.Breakfast(being)over,hewenttoschool.2.Therebeingnocauseforalarm,shewentbacktoherroom.二．With和without复合结构with和without复合结构是:with/without＋名词／代词＋分词／不定式／形容词／副词／介词短语。在句子中可以作状与或定语。（Ⅰ）with/without＋名词／代词＋现在分词。用现在分词表示主动、正在进行或发生的动作。Icouldn`tfinishmyworkwiththosechildren__.A.playingaroundB.playsaroundC.playedaroundD.toplayaround(Ⅱ)with/without名词／代词+过去分词。用过去分词表示被动或已完成的动作。Intheread-room,wefoundherseatedatadesk,withherattention__onabook.A.fixingB.fixesC.fixedD.tofix(Ⅲ)with/without＋名词／代词＋不定式。用不定式表示将要发生的动作。Withalotofdifficultproblems__,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled(Ⅳ)with/without＋名词／代词＋形容词。Shesleepswithoutthewindowopen.(Ⅴ)with/without+名词／代词＋副词。__productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through(Ⅵ)with/without+名词／代词＋介此短语。1.Hesleepswithabookinhishand.2.Agirlwithanecklacearoundherneckgotonthebus.三．with和without复合结构与独立主格结构的转化（Ⅰ）with和without复合结构与独立主格结构在句中作状语时，一般可相互转换；此外还可变为状语从句或并列句。（１）作时间状语Withwintercomingon,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.=Wintercomingon,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.=Whenwintercomeson,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.（２）作原因状语Withthekeyhavingbeenlost,shecouldnotentertheroom.=Thekey(havingbeen)lost,shecouldnotentertheroom.=As/Becausethekeyhadbeenlost,shecouldnotentertheroom.(3)作条件状语Withtimepermitting,we`llvisittheSummerPalace.=Timepermitting,we`llvisittheSummerPalace.=Iftimepermits,we`llvisittheSummerPalace.(4)作伴随状语Herearethefirstthreevolumeswiththefourthonetocomeoutnextmonth.=Herearethefirstthreevolumes,thefourthonetocomeoutnextmonth.=Herearethefirstthreevolumesandthefourthoneiscomingoutnextmonth.(Ⅱ)with和without复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词。Soonshearrivedataparkwithgrassgreenandflowersinblossom.=Soonshearrivedataparkwhosegrasswasgreenandwhoseflowerswereinblossom.1.__tenminutes__beforethelasttrainleft,wearrivedatthestation.A.Therewere;togoB.With;togoC.Iwas;leftD.Ithad;left2.Theladysaidshewouldbuyagiftforherdaughterwiththe__.A.20dollarsremainedB.20dollarstoremainC.remained20dollarsD.remaining20dollars3.__thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.A.UntilB.AsC.WithD.Because巩固练习4.Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdied__hisworkunfinished.A.forB.withC.fromD.of5.Theweather__sobad,wehadtoputoffthefootballmatch.A.wasB.isC.wereD.being6.__,therunnersracedontothefinishingline.A.StickinhandB.WithastickinhishandC.SticksinhandD.Sticksinhands7.Theboylayontheground,hiseyes__andhishands__.A.beingclosed;tremblingB.closed;tremblingC.closed;trembledD.closing;trembled8.__,theworkcanbedonemuchbetter.A.GivenmoretimeB.WehadbeengivenmoretimeC.MoretimegivenD.Ifmoretimehadgiven9.Weather__,thesportsmeetwillbeheldasscheduled.A.permitsB.willpermitC.topermitD.permitting10.__arainyday,hedidn`tgooutforawalkasusual.A.ItwasB.ItisC.ItbeingD.HavingbeenWelldone!