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动词可以按照其含义及它们在句中的功能分成四类：连系动词、实义动词、助动词和情态动词。连系动词连系动词又叫系动词，它不能直接作谓语，后面常跟形容词(作表语)构成系表结构表达完整的意义。常见的系动词有：be,become,get,turn,grow,look,sound,smell,taste,feel,keep,seem,remain,stay,come,fall,go等。如：Helookedveryexcited.他看起来很兴奋。Rosessmellsweet.玫瑰闻起来很香。It'sgettingcolderandcolder.天变得越来越冷了。注意：系动词没有被动语态，一般不能用于进行时态。动词的类别实义动词实义动词又叫行为动词，它表示事物的动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。它可分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)。及物动词后面需跟宾语才能使其意义完整，如like,make,clean,love等。不及物动词本身意义就完整，不能直接跟宾语；如果要跟宾语，则要与介词搭配，如come,go,leave,laugh,listen,run,swim,stand等。如：Iamreadinganinterestingbook.我正在看一本有趣的书。(及物动词)Heisrunning.他正在跑步。(不及物动词)Theboyislisteningtomusic.这个男孩正在听音乐。(不及物动词)一、及物动词：•buy,catch,invent,found,like,observe,offer,prevent,promise,raise,find,forget,receive,regard,see,say,seat,supply,select,suppose,show,make,take,tell二、不及物动词：•agree,go,work,listen,look,come,die,belong,fall,exist,rise,arrive,sit,sail,hurry,fail,succeed三、及物与不及物意思不一样1.beatvi.跳动vt.敲、打;2.growvi.生长vt.种植3.playvi.玩耍vt.打（牌、球）,演奏4.smellvi.发出（气味）vt.嗅5.ringvi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话6.speakvi.讲话vt.说（语言）7.hangvi.悬挂vt.绞死8.operatevi.动手术vt.操作9.liftvi烟雾消散vt举起助动词助动词本身没有任何实际的意义，必须和实义动词连用，帮助构成疑问句、否定句以及各种时态、语态、语气等。常见的助动词有：be(am,is,are,was,were),do(does,did),have(has,had),will,would,shall,should等。其中do,have也可作实义动词。情态动词情态动词本身具有一定的意义，但不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气、态度以及请求、愿望等。它没有人称和数的变化(haveto除外)。常见的情态动词有：can,could,may,might,must,should,would,need等。•大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。•1．第三人称单数形式的构成•①一般现在时中主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同。•②不规则变化的有have—has等。2．现在分词的构成规则变化动词原形现在分词一般在动词后加inghelpworkhelpingworking以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去e再加ingwritemovewritingmoving以y结尾的动词，直接加ingplaystudyplayingstudying以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加inggetbegingettingbeginning以ie结尾的名词，一般将ie改为y，再加ingliedielyingdying规则变化动词原形第三人称单数一般在动词词尾加s(s在清辅音后读/s/，s在浊辅音后读/z/)workgrowworks/s/grows/z/以s，x，sh，ch或o结尾的动词加es(es读/iz/，o后的es读/z/)guessmixfinishcatchgoguesses/iz/mixes/iz/finishes/iz/catches/iz/goes/z/以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加-es(ies读/iz/)studycarrystudies/iz/carries/iz/以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接加s(s读/z/)playsayplays/z/says/z/以字母e结尾的动词，直接加-s(s读/z/或/s/)writelikewrites/z/likes/s/•3.过去式和过去分词的构成•①规则变化规则变化动词原形过去式，过去分词及其读音一般在动词词尾加-ed(在清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音后读d，在t和d后读/id/)askanswerwantneedasked—asked/t/answered—answered/d/wanted—wanted/id/needed—needed/id以不发音的e结尾的动词，只加d(读/d/)lovedanceloved－loved/d/danced－danced/d/以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，把y变为i，再加ed(读/d/)trystudytried—tried/d/studied—studied/d/以元音字母加y结尾的动词，直接加ed(读/d/)playstayplayed—played/d/stayed—stayed/d/以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ed(在清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音后读/d/，在t和d后读/id/)stopplanstopped—stopped/t/planned—planned/d/1.beatbeatbeaten2.becomebecamebecome3.beginbeganbegun4.bendbentbent5.blowblewblown6.breakbrokebroken7.burnburntburnt8.buildbuiltbuilt9.bringbroughtbrought10.buyboughtbought11.catchcaughtcaught12.choosechosechosen13.comecamecome14.costcostcost1.cutcutcut2.dodiddone3.drawdrewdrawn4.drinkdrankdrunk5.drivedrovedriven6.eatateeaten7.fallfellfallen8.feedfedfed9.feelfeltfelt10.findfoundfound11.fitfitfit12.flyflewflown13.forgetforgotforgotten14.getgotgot常见的不规则动词变化1.givegavegiven2.gowentgone3.growgrewgrown4.havehadhad5.hearheardheard6.hidehidhidden7.hithithit8.holdheldheld9.hurthurthurt10.keepkeptkept11.knowknewknown12.leadledled13.leaveleftleft14.lendlentlent1.letletlet2.lielaylain3.lightlitlit4.loselostlost5.makemademade6.meetmetmet7.paypaidpaid8.putputput9.readreadread10.rideroderidden11.ringrangrung12.riseroserisen13.runranrun14.saysaidsaid1.seesawseen2.sellsoldsold3.sendsentsent4.setsetset5.shallshouldshould6.shineshoneshone7.showshowedshown8.shutshutshut9.singsangsung10.sitsatsat11.sleepsleptslept12.smellsmeltsmelt13.speakspokespoken14.spendspentspent1.spillspiltspilt2.spitspatspat3.spoilspoiltspoilt4.standstoodstood5.sweepsweptswept6.swimswamswum7.taketooktaken8.teachtaughttaught9.telltoldtold10.thinkthoughtthought11.throwthrewthrown12.understandunderstood..13.wakewokewoken14.winwonwon15.writewrotewritten•1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时，表示动作到现在为止已结束，例如：HehasstudiedEnglishforthreeyears.Hehasgone.•2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，而瞬间性动词则不能。例如：Hisparentstalkedwiththeteacherforhalfanhour.•3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用•例如：Hehasbeeninthearmy/asoldierforthreeyears.（他参军已有3年了。）不能用hasjoined•瞬间动词和持续性动词非延续性动词延续性动词非延续性动词延续性动词borrow/lendkeepdiebedeadopenbeopenclosebeclosedbuyhavejoinbein/amemberofleavebeaway(from)finish/endbeoverbegin/startbeonarrive/comebehere/incatch/getacoldhaveacoldmarrybemarried常见非延续性动词与延续性动词的转化对照表：配to的配for的bring,fetch,give,hand,lend,offer,owe,pass,pay,post,promise,sell,send,show,take,teach,tell,throw,write动词后同时用人、物做宾语（注意人和物的不同位置）例:givemethebook=givethebooktomeask,buy,call,choose,cook,do,find,get,keep,leave,save1．arrive,getto,reach这三个词都有“到达”之意。(1)arrive和get是不及物动词，后面需加介词才能接地点。其中arriveat＋小地方，arrivein＋大地方，getto＋地点。(2)reach是及物动词，后面直接加地点。即景活用toinat/(1)Igot________thevillagelastmonth.(2)We'llarrive________Shanghaitomorrowmorning.(3)Whendidyouarrive________thestation?(4)Pleasecallmewhenyoureach________Changsha.2．take,bring,fetch,get(1)take指从说话者所在的地方把某人(物)“带去”(单程)。(2)bring指从别处把某人(物)带来说话者所在的地方(单程)。(3)fetch＝get，指从某地到别处把某物拿来(双程)。即景活用bringtakefetch/get(1)Nexttimedon'tforgetto__________meacopyofyo