高级英语 Everyday Use 背景资料

1BackgroundofEverydayUse英语1091姚莉胡慧2★Theshortstory★★BlackPowerMovement★CivilRightsMovement(1955-1968)★AfricanAmericans★Othermovements★AmericanCivilWar(1861-1865)★origin★★slavery★TermsStoryBackgroundTheshortstory“EverydayUse”,fromthecollectionInLoveandTroublepublishedin1973,waswrittenduringtheheydayoftheBlackPowermovement,whenAfrican-Americansweretryingtogainracialequalityandcalledforself-determinationandracialdignity.African-Americanshortstoriesofthisperiodoftendealtwithproblematicissueslikeseparation,integrationandredefinitionoftheAfricanAmericanpast.BlackswereseekingtheirculturalrootsinAfrica,theslogan“Blackisbeautiful”andtheAfrohairstylearose.EverydayUseisAliceWalker’sanswertothesocialdiscourseofthattime,especiallyconcerningtheAfricanAmericanconceptofheritageandidentity.31.Writtenin1973andincludedintheNortonAnthologyofShortFiction（诺顿短篇小说集）.2.Oneofthebest-writtenshortstoriesbyAliceWalker,describingthreewomen.3.Themotherisaworkingwomanwithoutmucheducation,butnotwithoutintelligenceorperception.Thetwodaughtersfromasharpcontrastineveryconceivableway:appearance,character,personalexperience,etc.AbouttheStory4Everydayuse,astoryaddressesitselftothedilemmaofAfricanAmericanswho,instrivingtoescapeprejudiceandpoverty,riskaterriblederacination（隔离）,asunderingfromallthathassustainedanddefinedthem.Aboutthestory5Throughthetitleofhershortstory,AliceWalkerconceptuallyexpressesherwarinessoftheBlackPowerMovement.Duringthemid-1960’s,youngblackAfricanAmericansproclaimedtheywouldnolongerbeoppressedbytheircurrentlifestyleandbegantocelebrateAfricanculturebyexploitingitforexoticnamesandethnicappeal.Aboutthestory67African-Americanhistorystartsinthe16thcentury,withAfricanslaveswhoquicklyroseupagainsttheSpanishexplorerLucasVásquezdeAyllónandprogressestothepresentday,whenBarackObamahasbeenelectedasthe44thandcurrentPresidentoftheUnitedStates.AfricanAmericansintheUnitedStatesfaceddiscrimination,segregation,andstereotyping,especiallyintheSouthernandMidwesternUnitedstatesfordecadesaftertheAmericanCivilWar.8AfricanAmericans(alsoreferredtoasBlackAmericansorAfro-Americans,andformerlyasAmericanNegros)arecitizensorresidentsoftheUnitedStatewhohaveatleastpartialancestryfromanyofthenativepopulationsofSub-SaharanAfricaandarethedirectdescendantsofenslavedAfricanswithintheboundariesofthepresentUnitedStates.MostAfricanAmericansareofWestAfricandescent.However,someimmigrantsfromAfrican,Caribbean,CentralAmericanorSouthAmericannationsortheirdescendants,mayalsoself-identifywiththeterm.AfricanAmericansmakeupthesinglelargestracialminorityintheUnitedStates.9AfricanAmericansThemajorityofAfricanAmericansdescendedfromslaves,mostofwhomweresoldintoslaveryasprisonersofwarbyAfricanstatesorkidnappedbyAfrican,EuropeanorAmericanslavetraders.TheexistingmarketforslavesinAfricawasexploitedandexpandedbyEuropeanpowersinneedoflaborforNewWorldplantations.10AfricanslavesThefirstAfricanslaveswerebroughttoJamestown,Virginiain1619.TheEnglishsettlerstreatedthesecaptivesasindenturedservants(契约仆人)andreleasedthemafteranumberofyears.Thispracticewasgraduallyreplacedbythesystemofrace-basedslaveryusedintheCaribbean.Asservantswerefreed,theybecamecompetitionforresources.Additionally,releasedservantshadtobereplaced.This,combinedwiththestillambiguousnatureofthesocialstatusofBlacksandthedifficultyinusinganyothergroupofpeopleasforcedservants,ledtotherelegationofBlacksintoslavery.Massachusetts（马赛诸塞州）wasthefirstcolonytolegalizeslaveryin1641.Othercoloniesfollowedsuitbypassinglawsthatpassedslaveryontothechildrenofslavesandmakingnon-Christianimportedservantsslavesforlife.11AfricanslavesAformerslavedisplaysthetelltalecriss-cross,keloid（疤肿）scarsfrombeingbullwhipped（牛鞭抽打）.12南北美洲黑人贩卖情况010203040506070809010015世纪前期15世纪后期16世纪前期17世纪17世纪南美北美其他13Withthepoliticalconsciousnessthatemergedfromthepoliticalandsocialfermentofthelate1960sandearly1970s,blacksnolongerapprovedofthetermNegro.Theybelievedithadsuggestionsofamoderate,accommodationism(迁就主义),even“UncleTom“(逆来顺受的美国黑人)connotation.Inthisperiod,agrowingnumberofblacksintheUnitedStates,particularlyAfricanAmericanyouth,celebratedtheirblacknessandtheirhistoricalandculturaltieswiththeAfricancontinent.Negro14TheBlackPowerMovementdefiantlyembracedBlackasagroupidentifier.Itwasatermsocialleadersthemselveshadrepudiatedonlytwodecadesearlier,buttheyproclaimed,Blackisbeautiful.Inthissameperiod,asmallernumberofpeoplefavoredAfro-American,acommonshortening(asis'Anglo-American').However,afterthedeclineinpopularityofthe'Afro'hairstyleinthelate1970s,thetermfelloutofuse.BlackandAfro-American15这是2004年7月2日，一名无家可归的男子躺在纽约街头。16这是一名黑人妇女在华盛顿职业介绍会上收集工作介绍材料17这是2005年6月10日，一名无家可归的黑人男子在美国东南部的迈阿密南海滩钻进塑料袋里躲避飓风袭击这是2005年10月8日，在美国路易斯安那州新奥尔良市波旁大街的一家酒吧外，几名白人警察正在殴打一名老年黑人男子。18这是2005年1月28日，一群来自亚洲的青年在美国纽约参加反对当地电台播放“海啸之歌”的抗议活动。当天，数百名亚裔人士、部分纽约州议员、纽约市议员聚集在位于纽约曼哈顿的“狂热97”广播电台所在地，强烈抗议该台在前一周连续4天播放侮辱海啸灾难遇难者并带有种族歧视内容的“海啸之歌”，要求结束“早晨的琼斯小姐”广播节目并呼吁联邦政府对该电台进行制裁。19二战后初期美国南方社会生活Coloredwaitingrooms(有色人种候车室)Whiteonly-ladiesroom(仅供白人—女洗手间)20Afrohairstyle21AmericanCivilWarTheAmericanCivilWar(1861–1865),kno