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Gramamer-TranslationMethodandDirectMethodContents1.Gramamer-TranslationMethod1.1Objectives1.2Techniques1.3AdvantagesandDisadvantages2.DirectMethod2.1Objectives2.2techniques2.3AdvantagesanddisadvantagesGramamer-TranslationMethodFromthe16thcenturyto19thcentury,thegrammartranslationmethodisaforeignlanguageteachingmethodderivedfromtheclassical(sometimescalledtraditional)methodofteachingGreekandLatin.ThefounderisH.G.Ollendoff.•Theaimofthismethodistobeabletoreadandtranslateliterarymasterpiecesandclassics.1.1Objectives•IntheGrammar-TranslationMethod,theultimatepurposeoflearningaforeignlanguageistoenablethelearnerstoreadandtranslateitsliteratureofthetargetlanguage.•1.(1).Grammar-Translationisconsideredasanecessarypreliminarytothestudyofliteraryworks.•(2).Studentsarerequiredtomemorizegrammaticalrulesinordertounderstandandmanipulatemorphologyandsyntaxofthetargetlanguage.•(3).Thestudentswhocantranslatefromonelanguageintoanotherareconsideredsuccessfullanguagelearners.•2.Theotherobjectivesofthemethodaretoprovidestudentswithgoodmentalexercisethathelpdeveloptheirminds,andtogainabetterunderstandingofthefirstlanguage.1.2Techniques•1.Reading:①readingpassagesareplannedaroundthesequencedgrammaticalstructuresandvocabularytobestudied.•②Thepassagesmaybeexcerptedfromliteraryworksorcarefullywrittenbyacompiler,includingparticulargrammarrulesandvocabulary.•2.Translation:①translationcanbeemployedinpresentinganewgrammaticalitem,understandinganewpassage,orasexercisesattheendofalesson;thematerialsmaybewrittenorspoken.②Literaltranslationshouldbefollowedbyfreetranslation.③Sentencetranslationusuallytakesplacebeforepassagetranslation.•3.Deductiveteachingofgrammar(演绎法语法教学):grammarrulesaretaughtdirectlybytheteacherwithexceptiontoeachrulenoted.Thentheruesarepracticedthroughtranslationexercises.1.2Techniques•4.Analysisandcomparison.Inordertoapplyinggrammarrulestospecificexamplesandtounderstandthereadingpassage,difficultsentencesreanalyzedindetailandcomparedwiththefirstlanguagesentence.Usually,thefunctionofeachpartofsentenceisclearlyexplained.•5.Memorization:oneofthetechniquesisusedintheGrammar-TranslationMethod.•6.Readingcomprehensionquestions•7.Writtenwork(书面作业):•(1).Fill-in-the-blanksisonekindofwrittenworkwhichrequiresstudentstofillintheblanksinasentenceorinapassagewithnewvocabularyitemsorwithitemsofaparticulargrammartype.•(2).Usingnewwordstomakeupsentences•(3).Composition.Studentsareaskedtowriteaboutatopicthatisbaseduponsomeaspectsofthereadingpassageofthelesson.1.4AdvantangesandDisadvantanges•１、在外语教学里利用文法，利用学生的理解力，以提高外语教学的效果。２、重视阅读、翻译能力的培养，重视语法知识的传授以及对学生智慧的磨炼。３、使用方便。只要教师掌握了外语的基本知识，就可以拿着外语课本教外语。不需要什么教具和设备。４、在外语教学里创建了翻译的教学形式，对建立外语教学法体系做出了重大的贡献。•1.Overemphasisontranslationcanneveremancipatethelearnersfromdependenceonthefirstlanguage.•2.TheGrammar-Translationputstoomuchemphasisonreadingandwritingandneglectslisteningandspeaking.Knowingalargenumberofgrammaticalrulescannotensurethatstudentscanusethemappropriatelyinrealcommunicativesituation.•3.IntheGrammar-TranslationMethod,thetextsaremostlytakenformliteraryworks.Thelanguagelearnedoftendoesn’tmeetthepracticalneedsofthelearners.•4.memorizinggrammarrulesandbilingualwordlistsdoesnotmotivatestudentstoactivelycommunicateinthetargetlanguage.2.DirectMethod•ThetheoryoflanguageunderlyingtheDirectMethodwasmainlyderivedfromthefollowingviewsproposedbytheinnovationsandreformersofthe19thcentury.ItsfounderisF.Gouin.•Objectives:•1.TheobjectivesoftheDirectMethodaretofosterthestudents’abilitytocommunicateinthetargetlanguage.•2.Thegeneralgoalofalanguageprogrammeistoteachconversationalskills.2.1Objectives•3.ThereasonfortheexclusiveuseoftheforeignlanguageintheDirectMethodistoenablethestudentstothinkinthetargetlanguage,sothattheycanuseittoexpressthemselvesdirectlywithoutreferringtotheirmothertongue.•4.Totrainforbasiclanguageskillsisnotneglected,butreadingandwritingexercisesshouldbebaseduponwhatthestudentspracticeorallyfirst.•5.Pronunciationispaidattentiontofromthebeginningofacourse.Vocabularytakesprecedenceovergrammar.•6.Toachievecorrectpronunciation.2.2Techniques•1.Directassociation(直接联系):newlanguageitemsarepresentedbyassociatingmeaningwiththetargetlanguagedirectly.•2.Questionandanswerexercises:inordertohavethenewly-introducedlanguageitemsfullyunderstoodbystudents,theteacheranswersstudents’questionsandasksstudentstoanswerherquestionsinfullsentences.•3.Conversationpractice:studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructurestheyhavepracticed.•4.Errorcorrection.Studentsarenotallowedtomakemistakes.Theirmistakesareimmediatelycorrectedbytheteacherorbystudentsthemselves.2.2Techniques•5.Dictation(听写):DictationisanexercisefrequentlyusedinconsolidationwithwrittenworkintheDirectMethod.Dictationisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.•6.Inductiveteachingofgrammar.Grammarislearnedinductivelythroughlisteningandspeakingactivities.•7.Listeningcomprehensiontasks.DesigninglisteningcomprehensiontasksisoneofthewaystoestablishafavorbableclassroomclimateintheDirectMethod.•8.Gradedcomposition(分级作文)