英美教育

EducationintheUSAEducationintheU.S.---Administration1.Educationalsystems2.FundsforschoolsEducationintheU.S.---AdministrationInAmerica,educationisanationalconcernastateresponsibilityalocalfunctionEducationintheU.S.---Administration1.Thereis50educationalsystemsintheUnitedStates.•TheU.S.Constitutionmentionsnothingabouteducation.•Eachstateenjoysfreedomtodevelopaschoolsystemasextensiveoraslimitedasitdesires.EducationintheU.S.---Administration2.Localcommunitiesinturnweregivensubstantialfreedomtoselectteachersandadministratorsandtoscheduletheschoolyearanddaytomeetthestandardsbythestates.EducationintheU.S.---Administration3.TherewasnoafederalorganizationforeducationuntiltheestablishmentoftheU.S.OfficeofEducationin1867.•In1953becameabranchofthelargestfederalagency-----TheDepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfare.EducationintheU.S.---Administration4.SincetheU.S.Constitutionissilentoneducation,alleducationalmattersarelefttotheindividualstate.•Onthestatelevel,educationalpolicyisgenerallytheresponsibilityofastateboardofcitizens.•Thereisnooneuniformpatternofstateadministration.EducationintheU.S.---Administration5.Inmoststates,thestatelegislatureorgovernorappointsstateboards,butafewstateboardsareelected.EducationintheU.S.---Administration6.Fundsforschoolscomefrom3sources:•Approximately50%israisedthroughlocalpropertytaxes.•Anaverageoffrom40%--50%comesfromthestates.•Only8%--9%fromthenationalgovernment.EducationintheU.S.---Practice1.Schoolsystem2.HigherEducationEducationintheU.S.---PracticeEducationiscarriedoutatvariouslevels,whicharemainlydividedinto:•elementaryeducation初级教育•secondaryeducation中级教育•highereducation高等教育EarlyChildhoodEducationInmostareas,freepublicschooleducationbeginswithkindergartenclassesforfive-year-olds.Somepublicschoolsystemsalsoofferpre-kindergartenprogramsforfour-year-olds.Someareintroducedtotheclassroomsituationatamuchyoungerage,eitherthroughnurseryschoolsordaycarecenters.Somecommunitieshavepre-andpost-schoolprogramsforschool-agechildrenwhosemothersleaveforworkbeforeschoolbeginsandcomehomeafterschoolletsout.Kindergarten（幼儿园）•half-daysessions•thechildbecomesaccustomedtobeingseparatedfromMommy,playingandsharingwithotherchildren,andfollowingthedirectionsofateacher•thechildarealsointroducedtoskillsandinformationthatwillhelphimlaterwithacademicworkNurseryschool(托儿所)acceptchildrenformthreetofiveyearsoldhalf-daysessionsrangingfromtwiceaweektofivedaysaweekwell-equippedclassroomandplaygroundusuallychargetuition,thoughsomearesubsidizedandsomeofferscholarshipsDaycarecenter(日托)providecareforpre-schoolchildrenofworkingmotherswhoneedaplacetoleavetheirchildrenallday,fivedaysaweek.acceptpre-schoolersfrominfancyon.TheWomen’sLiberationmovementhaswidelypublicizedtheideathatfree,high-qualitydaycareisessentialifwomenaretoparticipatefullyinsociety.PrimaryandSecondarySchoolsClassesofstudentsaredividedintotwelveacademiclevelscalledgrades.Oneacademicyearisrequiredtocompleteeachgrade.Thechildentersthefirstgrade,ataboutagesix,todosomeacademicwork(learningtoread,write,anddoarithmetic)PrimaryandSecondarySchoolsThefirstacademicinstitutionthatachildattendsiscalledgrammarschoolorelementaryschool.Insomeschoolsystems,elementaryschoolincludesgradesonethrougheight.Thenextfouryearsarecalledhighschool.Inotherschoolsystems,therearethreedivisions:elementaryschool(gradesonethroughsix),juniorhighschool(gradesseventhroughnine),andseniorhighschool(gradestenthroughtwelve).Grammarschool(elementaryschool)Subjects:•reading,arithmetic,languagearts,socialstudies,music,artandphysicaleducationStudentsaregroupedintoclasses.Theclasshasthesameteacherformostsubjects.Onlyart,musicandphysicaleducationaretaughtbyteacherswhospecializeintheseareas.Theimportantthingistomakethechildrenhappyandinterested.stressedcharactertrainingorsocialskillstrainingthroughextracurricularactivities.Schoolandhomearecloselylinked,andthereisasenseofpartnershipbetweenteachersandparents.Grammarschool(elementaryschool)HighschoolClassification:•Vocationalandtechnicalhighschools(职业技术中学)provideforavarietyofoccupations.•Academichighschools(文理中学)emphasizetheirschoolinginacademicandintellectualdisciplines.•ThemajorityofAmericanhighschoolscallthemselvessecondaryeducationforalmostallhighschoolsareresponsibleforprovidingbothacademicandvocationaleducation.HighschoolSubjects(morespecialized)English---grammarandliteraturesocialstudies---AmericanhistoryAmericangovernmentEuropeanhistoryalgebra代数,geometry几何,andtrigonometry三角学generalsciencecourse(oneyear)detailedcoursesinbiology,chemistry,andphysicsforeignlanguagemusic,art,andphysicaleducationHighschoolStudentsmeetadifferentteacherandadifferentgroupofstudentsforeachsubject.Thehighschoolstudent’sdaymaybedividedintonineperiods:•fiveforacademicsubjects•onesessionforphysicaleducation•alunchperiod•twostudyperiods(visitingthelibraryorparticipatinginanextracurricularactivity)HighereducationClassification:Juniorcollege---offerthefirsttwoyearsofcollegeonlyCollege:offeronlyundergraduatecoursesUniversity:undergraduate,gr