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Unit2TheBigNamesContemporariesAchievementsTheMonarchytheoldestinstitutionofgovernmentintheUnitedKingdom.1066--TheMonarchyitscontinuityhasbeenbrokenonlyonceHouseofTudor(都铎王朝）theTudorsHenryVIIIMaryIElizabethIThesurnameofthesovereignsThesovereignsnormallytakethenameoftheirHouse（家族）fromtheirfatherHenryVIIIdeclaredthatHe,insteadofthePope,washeadoftheChurchinEnglandThe(Holy)BibletheOldTestamentandtheNewTestamentGenesisJesusChristCatholicismvs.Protestantism•VarioussectsinChristianityProtestant-CatholichatredProtestantchurchessprangupinoppositiontoRomanCatholicChurchTheEnglishChurchbrokeawayfromthecentralorganizationofChristianityViolentmeanswereappliedMaryIadevoutCatholicBloodyMaryClip:infidelTheElizabethanageAnageofgloryElizabethI•LiteratureofShakespeare•NavaltraditionReligiouspersecutionwasendedbyElizabethIProtestantismgraduallybecamethedominantfaithinEnglandConflictwithSpain•Spanishshipshadbeensailingtheseasforahundredyears•SpaniardswereCatholicsandhatedProtestantism•KingPhilipclaimedEnglandSeafightswerefrequentThedecisiveblowisEnglishvictoryoverthegreatSpanishfleet,theArmadaSirFrancisDrakeMarkedthebeginningofanEnglishNavaltraditionVirginQueenVirginMaryWilliamShakespeare1564-1616GlobeWoodenOShakespearehastheGeniusToturnthepopularstorytomasterpieceRomeoAndJuliet4majortragedies•Hamlet•Othello•Macbeth•KingLearThemostfamoussoliloquyinliteratureTobeornottobe,thatisthequestion:SonnetAlthoughShakespeareisbestrememberedforhisplays,healsoproducedanoutstandingbodyofpoetryQuotationsAlltheworld'sastage,Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.AsYouLikeIt(II,vii,139-143)GuyFawkes’NightOnNovember5theveryyearGuyFawkesTheGunpowderPlot•ThemostfamousCatholicconspiracies•AimtoblowupKingJamesIandParliamentin1605AmanwascaughtinthecellarsoftheHouseofCommonsintheveryactofpreparingtheexplosivesGuyFawkesGuyFawkes’NightOnNovember5theveryyearEffigiesofGuyFawkesareburntamidbrilliantfireworksHouseofHanover（汉诺威王朝）QueenVictoriaQueenVictoriaThelongestreigninBritishhistory(1837-1901)VictorianismAnageofnationaldevelopmentandnationaloptimismVictorianismNavaltraditionGloriousRevolutionIndustrialrevolutionStabilityProsperityLocomotivereplacedthestage-coachCommunicationsElectricitywaswidelyapplied.Communications1.Telegraphywasborn2.Telephone3.ThepennypostStabilityFatherwasking,lovedandobeyedMotherwascompletelysubmissive,withnointerestsbeyondherhusbandandchildrenThehighestvirtueoftheVictorianwomanwaspurityAngelinthehouseChildrenwerestrictlydisciplinedTheirlifeconsistedofdon’tsAgeofImperialismThewhiteman’sburdenAsortofmissioninthewholeworldtospreadpeaceandcivilizationthroughBritishruleGrabforAfricaThewholeofAfricawasdividedinto“sphereofinfluence”Britainhadthelion’sshare