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HistoryofTheIndustrialRevolution(工业革命史)Contents•1.Asimpleintroduction•2.FirstIndustrialRevolution•3.SecondIndustrialRevolution•4.Thethirdrevolutionofscienceandtechnology•5.latestIndustrialRevolutionIntroductionTherehavebeenthreecompleteindustrialrevolutionsinhumanhistory,successivelythesteamtechnologyrevolution(蒸汽技术革命),thepowertechnologyrevolution(电力技术革命)andtheinformationtechnologyrevolution(信息技术革命).Today,withthedevelopmentofinternetindustrialization(互联网产业化),industrialintelligence(工业智能)andindustrialintegration(工业一体化),peopleclaimedthatthefourthindustrialrevolution(第四次工业革命)hascomequietly.FirstIndustrialRevolutionTheFirstIndustrialRevolution(orsteamtechnologyrevolution蒸汽技术革命)tookplacefromthe18thto19thcenturiesinEuropeandAmerica.Itwasaperiodwhenmostlyagrarian(农耕),ruralsocietiesbecameindustrialandurban.Theironandtextileindustries(钢铁和纺织工业),alongwiththedevelopmentofthesteamengine(蒸汽机),playedcentralrolesintheIndustrialRevolution.Pictureofthesteamengine(蒸汽机)•In1785,Watt'simprovedsteamengine(瓦特改良的蒸汽机)wasputintouse,providingmoreconvenientpoweranddrivingthepopularization(普及)anddevelopmentofmachinery.•In1807,thesteam-poweredsteamboatpilotofAmericanFultonsucceeded.美国人富尔顿制成以蒸汽为动力的汽船试航成功。•In1814,BritishmanStephensuninventedthesteam-poweredcar.英国人史蒂芬孙发明了蒸汽汽车。•Thefirstindustrialrevolutiongreatlystrengthenedthelinksbetweendifferentpartsoftheworld,changedthefaceoftheworld,andfinallyestablishedthedominanceofthebourgeoisiefortheworld(确立了资产阶级对世界的统治地位).Britainfirstcompletedtheindustrialrevolutionandsoonbecametheworld'shegemon(世界霸主).•Thefirstindustrialrevolutiongreatlyimprovedproductivity(生产力)andspreadadvancedproductiontechniquesandadvancedproductionexperience.•Capitalistcountries(资本主义国家)seizecommoditymarketsandrawmaterialsaroundtheworldandenslave(奴役)localfarmers.Ithasexacerbated(加剧)thepovertyandbackwardnessoflocalfarmers,makingtheeastbelongtothewest.SecondIndustrialRevolutionTheSecondIndustrialRevolution(orpowertechnologyrevolution电力技术革命)tookplacebetween1870and1914,justbeforeWorldWarI.Itwasaperiodofgrowthforpre-existingindustriesandexpansionofnewones(原有的产业和新产业的扩张),suchassteel,oilandelectricity,andusedelectricpowertocreatemassproduction.Majortechnologicaladvancesduringthisperiodincludedthetelephone,lightbulb,phonograph(留声机)andtheinternalcombustionengine(内燃机).•Electricenergyisanewsourceofenergytocomplementandreplacethesteamengine.电能成为补充和取代以蒸汽机为动力的新能源。•In1866,theGermanSiemens(西门子)madeagenerator(发电机).Bythe1970s,theactualgeneratorswereavailable.Afterthat,electriclights,trams(电车)andmovieprojectors(电影放映机)cameintobeing,andhumansenteredtheageofelectricity(电气时代).•Inthe1970sand1980s,aninternalcombustionenginefueledbygasandgasolinewasborn.(以煤气和汽油为燃料的内燃机相继诞生)•Theinventionoftheinternalcombustionenginesolvedtheengineproblemofthevehicle.•Inthe1880s,GermanCarlBenz(卡尔·本茨)succeededinmakingcarspoweredbyaninternalcombustionengine.•In1903,theWrightbrothers(莱特兄弟)inventedtheworld'sfirstairplane.Someotherinventionsduringthesecondindustrialrevolution•Thesecondindustrialrevolutiongreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofproductiveforces,andexertedafar-reachinginfluenceontheeconomic,political,cultural,militaryandtechnologyofhumansociety.第二次工业革命极大地推动了生产力的发展，对人类社会的经济、政治、文化、军事，科技产生了深远的影响。•Thesecondindustrialrevolutionchangedthefaceofsocietyandformedtheadvancedsituationinwesternandbackwardsituationineastern.Capitalismgraduallyestablisheditsruleovertheworld.第二次工业革命使社会面貌发生翻天覆地的变化，形成西方先进、东方落后的局面，资本主义逐步确立起对世界的统治。ThethirdrevolutionofscienceandtechnologyThethirdrevolutionofscienceandtechnology(orinformationtechnologyrevolution信息技术革命)wasmarkedbytheinventionandapplicationofatomicenergy,electroniccomputer,spacetechnologyandbiologicalengineering(原子能、电子计算机、空间技术和生物工程).Itaffectedthewayofhumanlifeandthewayofthinking.Alongwiththecontinuousprogressofscienceandtechnology,humanclothing,food,shelter,travel,andotheraspectsofdailylifehavealsoundergonesignificantchanges.•Newscientifictechnologyrevolutionfrom40to50softhe20thcentury,representedbyapplicationoftheatomicenergytechnology,spacetechnologyandthecomputertechnology(原子能技术、航天技术、电子计算机技术的应用),includingsyntheticmaterials,molecularbiologyandgeneticengineeringandotherhighandnewtechnology(人工合成材料、分子生物学和遗传工程等高新技术).•Theemergenceofthethirdtechnologicalrevolution,ontheonehand,wasduetotheformationofmaterialandtechnologicalfoundations,andontheotherhand,theresultoftheurgentneedofhigh-techcountriesafterworldwarii.第三次科技革命的出现一方面是由于物质、技术基础的形成，另一方面也是第二次世界大战后，各国对高科技迫切需要的结果。•Thethirdtechnologicalrevolutionhasgreatlyimprovedthescienceandtechnology,providedasolidmaterialbasisforthedevelopmentofworldculture,andmadetheglobalculturalconnectionmoreandmoreclose.第三次科技革命，使得科学技术大幅度提高，为世界文化的发展提供了雄厚的物质基础，并使得全球的文化联系越来越密切。•Thethirdtechnologicalrevolutionhashadaprofoundimpactoninternationalrelations.•Thethirdtechnologicalrevolutionhascontributedtotheeconomicdevelopmentofcountriesaroundtheworld,bringingbothopportunitiesandseriouschallenges.latestIndustrialRevolutionThefourthindustrialrevolutionwasmarkedbyInternetindustrialization,industrialintelligenceandindustrialintegration(