ethos&pathos(英语修辞与写作lecture 3)

EnglishRhetoricandwritingTheThreeRhetoricalAppealsEthos,Pathos,andLogosLogos(Greekfor‘word’)meanspersuadingbytheuseofreasoning.Ethos(Greekfor‘character’)meansconvincingbythecharacteroftheauthor.Pathos(Greekfor‘suffering’or‘experience’)meanspersuadingbyappealingtothereader'semotions.AuthorandEthosForAristotle,thewriters'ethosmeantthedegreeofcredibilityortrustworthinessthatauthorsestablishwiththeaudiencethroughtheirwriting.Throughtone,anauthor'scharacterandattitudetowardhis/heraudienceandsubjectbecomescleartotheaudience:thisformsthebasisoftheauthor'sethicalappeal.TwokindsofethosInventedEthosSituatedEthosInventedethosdevelopsinthediscoursebythetoneandattitudethespeaker/writertakestowardhisaudienceandsubject.Situatedethosrelieslargelyonthespeaker’spre-existingreputation.BillClinton’sethicalcharacterandpersonalcharacterDennisRodmanMichaelJordanethosGoodsenseGoodcharacterGoodwillExample:theChecker’sSpeechBackgroundofCheckers’SpeechIn1952,EisenhowerchoseayoungsenatorfromCalifornianamedRichardNixonashisvicepresidentialrunningmate.Bylatesummer,asanumberofnewspapersbeganchargingthatNixonhadbeentherecipientofanillegalslushfund(收买基金，贿赂基金),EisenhowerconsidereddroppingNixonfromtheticket.NixonpersuadedEisenhowertolethimappearonTV,whichin1952wasfairlynew,toexplainhisfinancialdealingsoverhislifetimeandintheprocessexonerate(证明无罪;使...免罪)himself.Excerpt:theChecker’sSpeechIwasbornin1913.OurfamilywasoneofmodestcircumstancesandmostofmyearlylifewasspentinastoreoutinEastWhittier.Itwasagrocerystore--oneofthosefamilyenterprises.Theonlyreasonwewereabletomakeitgowasbecausemymotheranddadhadfiveboysandweallworkedinthestore.Iworkedmywaythroughcollegeandtoagreatextentthroughlawschool.Andthen,in1940,probablythebestthingthateverhappenedtomehappened,ImarriedPat--whoissittingoverhere.Wehadaratherdifficulttimeafterweweremarried,likesomanyoftheyoungcoupleswhomaybelisteningtous.Ipracticedlaw;shecontinuedtoteachschool.Thenin1942Iwentintotheservice.Letmesaythatmyservicerecordwasnotaparticularlyunusualone.IwenttotheSouthPacific.IguessI'mentitledtoacoupleofbattlestars.IgotacoupleoflettersofcommendationbutIwasjusttherewhenthebombswerefallingandthenIreturned.IreturnedtotheUnitedStatesandin1946IranfortheCongress.JackieJoyner-KerseeIalwaysknewIcouldrunfast,butwithoutMr.Fennoy,IwouldhaveneverknowIcouldrunsofar.---Jackie.Joyce-KerseeOurhomewasonPiggottstreet,acrossfromaliquorstoreandapollhall.Butitwasalsoneararecreationcenter,whereMr.Fennoywasavolunteer.EventhoughIwastooyoung,Ihadnootherplacetogo,soMr.Fennoyletmecometothecenterandrun.SoonIcouldcatchtheoldergirls,andsoonafterthatIwaspassingthem.NionFnnoygaveayounggirlnamedJackieaplacetoplay.Buttodaymanykidsaren’tgiventhatchance.Youcanhelpgiveachildtheopportunitytoplay.Tolearnnow,pleasecall1-800-929-play.EstablishEthosinacademicessaysFollowingM.L.A/A.P.A.formatCitingreliablesourcesUsingIorwewithidentifiersFixinguptheorganizationUsingStandardEnglishAudienceandpathosPathos,Greekforemotion,indicatesanappealtotheemotionsofanaudience,or,asAristotleputsit,Creatingacertaindispositionintheaudience”.Thead:HelpStopaDifferentkindofChildAbuseThisabuseismerciless.Itpreysoninnocent,fragilelivesandbrutalizesthemwithutterpoverty…withconstanthunger…withrelentlessdiseases…withnohopeforevenabasiceducation.Ashardasparentsofchildrenlikethisstruggle,theysimplycan’tmaketheravagesofpovertygoaway.Butyoucanhelp.Youcaneasethepain.BecameaSavetheChildrensponsorandhelpstopthehorribleabusethatpovertythatinflictsonchildren.Pleasecall…OneotherthingIprobablyshouldtellyoubecauseifwedon'tthey'llprobablybesayingthisaboutmetoo,wedidgetsomething—agift—aftertheelection.AmandowninTexasheardPatontheradiomentionthefactthatourtwoyoungsterswouldliketohaveadog.And,believeitornot,thedaybeforeweleftonthiscampaigntripwegotamessagefromUnionStationinBaltimoresayingtheyhadapackageforus.Wewentdowntogetit.Youknowwhatitwas?Itwasalittlecockerspanieldoginacratethathe'dsentallthewayfromTexas.Blackandwhitespotted.Andourlittlegirl—Tricia,the6-yearold—nameditCheckers.Andyouknow,thekids,likeallkids,lovethedogandIjustwanttosaythisrightnow,thatregardlessofwhattheysayaboutit,we'regonnakeepit.ExcerptfromNixon’s“checkers”speechInAprilof1963,ayoung,relativelyunknownministerlefthishomeandchurchinAtlanta,GeorgiatohelphisfriendsandcolleaguesprotestnonviolentlyagainstsegregationanddiscriminationinBirmingham,Alabama.Thatminister,MartinLutherKing,Jr.,wasarrestedandheldinjail.Whileinjail,severalpriests,rabbis,andministerspublishedaletterintheBirminghamnewspaper,callingthisyoungminister'sactionsunwiseandpoorlytimed.BackgroundofLetterfromBirminghamJailTheirlettersuggestedthatKingandothercivilrightsleadersshouldjustwait,thatthelifewasboundtogetbetterforAmericanblacks,iftheyjustwaited.Inresponsetothateditorial,KingwroteoneofthegreatestpiecesofliteratureinEnglish,hisLetterfromBirminghamJail.ExcerptofLetterfromBirminghamJailWehavewaitedformorethanthreehundredandfortyyearsforourconstitutionalandGod-givenrights.ThenationsofAsiaandAfricaaremovingwithjet-likespeedtoward