定语从句的基本用法1

定语从句的基本用法1★清华大学★英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：清华大学英语教授研究组提供AgoodstudentAdevelopingcountryAdevelopedcountryA5-starfriendAmannamedChuckAlanguagewidelyused定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的主谓结构(完整的基本句子结构-----五种句型)。↓↓（主句之中）先行词关系词+其它成分↓在定语从句中必须担当一个成分。↓定语从句中缺啥就补啥定语从句(TheAttributiveClause)(一)定语从句及其作用定从定义说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分)而起定语作用的句子。∴定从作用在句子中作定语,修饰句子中的某一名词或代词,从句须放在先行词之后。先行词被定语从句所修饰的词关系词用于引导一个定语从句,代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分。∴关系词作用1)引导定语从句。2)代替先行词。3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。∴公式：主句（先行词）+定语从句（关联词+从句的其他成分）关系词分类关系代词：whichthatwhowhomwhose关系副词：whenwherewhy(二)关系代词的作用1.关系代词：用来连接定语从句，并在从句中代表先行词的代词。先行词是物：whichthat先行词是人：whothat2.关系代词的用法在从句中的句子成分用于限制从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句先行词代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语Who(m)whichthat定语whose(=ofwhom)whose(=ofwhich)表语who(m),whosewhich,whosethat※由who,whom,whose引导的定语从句。这类定语从句中who用作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。e.g.Thisisthemanwhohelpedme.Thedoctor(whom)youarelookingforisintheroom.DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu?※在定语从句中，若先行词指人，其关系代词可用who,whom,也可用that。e.g.Thegirlwho/thatisspeakingatthemeetingisourmonitor.Theboy(who/whom/that)yousawjustnowismybrother.3.关系代词的具体用法及作用1).who指人，在从句中做主语。如：TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.2).whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。如：Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。如：Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend.3).which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略如：Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.4).that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省。如：Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion.Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?5).whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语如：Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin.Thegirlismydaughter./Herworkgotthefirstprize.→Thegirlwhoseworkgotthefirstprizeismydaughter.Doyouknowanyone?/HisfamilyisinXi’an.→Thebookisnotmine./Thecoverofitisred.Iliveintheroom./Thewindowsofitfacesouth.→Thechairhasbeenrepaired./Thelegofitwasbroken.Whose引导的定语从句应注意以下几点：①whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语。如：That’sthechildwhosefatherisanengineer.②whose引导定语从句，其先行词不仅可以指人，还可以指物。如：MrKing,whoselegswerebadlyhurt,wasquicklyhurt,wasquicklytakentohospital.Isawatreewhoseleaveswereblackwithdisease.③whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词的宾语，可以与介词放在先行词与从句之间。如：ThebossinwhosedepartmentMrKingworkedhadheardabouttheaccident.Tom,onwhosebikeIwenttoschoolisafriendofmine.④whose的先行词指物时,可用ofwhich代替,但词序不同，即whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhich如：Helivesintheroomwhosewindow(thewindowofwhich)facessouth.Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.thedoorofwhichTheclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow?(三)在下列情况下只用that，不用which①先行词是all,everything,nothing,anything,little,much,theone等不定代词时，something两者均可。如：Thereisnothing(that)Icando.Imeantheonethatwasbroughtyesterday.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?②先行词被all,any,every,no,some,little,much，few，oneof等词修饰时，如：Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.Youmaytakehomeanyofthesebooksthatyoulike.③先行词被序数词first,last,next等或形容词最高级修饰时，如：Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoistohelphim.Thisisthebestnovel(that)Ihaveeverread.SheisthemostcarefulgirlthatI’veeverknown.④先行词被theonly,thevery(正是,恰是),thesame,thelast修饰时，如：Thewhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthehospital.ThisisthesamewatchthatIlostyesterday.That’stheverytoolthatwearelookingfor.⑤当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that引导(that既可指人也可指物)如：Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.Theytalkedaboutthethingsandfriendsthattheycouldremember.⑥当主句是以who，which或what开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?Whichofusthatknowsanythingdoesnotknowthis?Whoisthemanthatisstandingoverthere?Whichisthetoolthatyouarelookingfor?Whatdidyouhearthatmadeyousoangry?⑦当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或关系词本身是从句的表语时如：Chinaisn’tthecountrythatsheusedtobe50yearsago.Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.It’sabookthatwillhelpyouagreatdeal.Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe.⑧当主句以Therebe…结构开头时，或关系代词在therebe…结构中作实际主语，且先行词为物如：Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.Therearetwoticketsofthefilmthatareforyou.⑨当先行词是基数词时如：YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.(四).在下列情况下只用who(m)，而不用that：①关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who.如：Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?Thedoctorwhotreatedmewasveryexperienced.②当先行词是one,ones,any,few,all,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等词时。如：Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?Allwhoheardthenewswereexcited.Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp.Anyonewhobreakstherulewillbepunished.注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’retheonethatknowswheretogo.③先行词为those和people时多用who。如：Thosewhowanttogopleasesigntheirnameshere.Peoplewhocanseesometimesactjustasfoolishly.④在非限制性定语从句中作主语必须用who，作宾语须用whom。如：Tom’sfather,whoisoversixty,stillworkshard.MrGreen,whomyousawinthelibraryyesterday,willteachusphysicsnextterm.⑤在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.There’sonlyonestudentintheschoolwho/whomIwantedtosee.Iwastheonlypersoninmyof